og-10, og-41, og-57

10. However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state.

想问一下，这句话中beyond its means和toward a minimal state是什么意思？能帮忙解释一下整句话吗？

41. Under a provision of the Constitution that has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
这句话是什么意思？能帮忙翻译一下吗？

57.   In astronomy the term “red shift” denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
Red和long-wave应该是并列关系，它们和后面的end of the light spectrum是什么关系？是修饰end of the light spectrum，还是同位语？能帮忙翻译一下整句话吗？

报告版主，第57题在语法讨论汇总中找到答案，但是第10题和第41题还是不明白。请版主指教！