[求助]OG-S1-18关于非限定性定语从句

OG-S1-18关于非限定性定语从句的问题

18.   School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces any future need for busing.

(A) significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces

(B) significant integration increases in housing, which, in turn, reduces

(C) increase housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduces

(D) increase housing integration significantly, in turn reducing（A）

(E) significantly increase housing integration, which, in turn, reduce

Choice A is best. In choice B, the phrase integration increases in housing is unidiomatic and imprecise: integration cannot modify increases, and the increases are not in housing but rather in housing integration. Choices C, D, and E entail the ungrammatical construction have contributed… to increase. Moreover, it is not clear whether which in C and reducing in D refer to housing integration or the increase in housing integration.(说明非限定性从句的which前面必需是直接修饰的名词，才没有歧意) In choice E, which clearly refers to housing integration, making the plural verb reduce incorrect. This question is of middle difficulty.

114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

(A) baggage so light

(B) baggage being so light

(C) baggage, yet being so light

(D) baggage, and so light（E）

(E) baggage yet was so light

Choice E, the best answer, states that although the canoe could transport cargo of considerable weight, it was light: a canoe... which could carry... yet was... light.... Here, the conjunction yet is appropriately and correctly used to link two verb phrases. Choices A and B do not use yet with a verb parallel to could carry and thus fail to express this contrast. Furthermore, both place adjectival constructions after baggage, illogically stating that the eight hundred pounds of baggage, rather than the canoe, was light. Choice C supplies yet but ungrammatically uses the participle being where was is required. Similarly, D omits the necessary verb after and; and here again, the use of and rather than yet fails to express the contrast.

问题：这里a canoe about…., which；which前面不是紧跟先行词，有没有上面指代句子的问题？？

119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.

(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of

(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business

(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of

(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business（B）

(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

Choice B, the best answer, uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. In A, to business is awkwardly and confusingly inserted between cost and the prepositional phrase that modifies it, and are already a cost to business is wordy and awkward compared to cost business. In C, already with business costs of... is awkward and unclear, failing to specify that those prior effects generate the cost. Choices D and E produce faulty constructions with the phrase significant in compounding, which cannot grammatically modify the verb form is growing.

语法上可以用are来限定which指代的是effects而不是abuse吗？？

求助]OG-S1-18关于非限定性定语从句

OG-S1-18关于非限定性定语从句的问题

18.   School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces any future need for busing.

(A) significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces

(B) significant integration increases in housing, which, in turn, reduces

(C) increase housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduces

(D) increase housing integration significantly, in turn reducing（A）

(E) significantly increase housing integration, which, in turn, reduce

Choice A is best. In choice B, the phrase integration increases in housing is unidiomatic and imprecise: integration cannot modify increases, and the increases are not in housing but rather in housing integration. Choices C, D, and E entail the ungrammatical construction have contributed… to increase. Moreover, it is not clear whether which in C and reducing in D refer to housing integration or the increase in housing integration.(说明非限定性从句的which前面必需是直接修饰的名词，才没有歧意) In choice E, which clearly refers to housing integration, making the plural verb reduce incorrect. This question is of middle difficulty.

C和D的错误都是 increase 作为动词，这一句OG的解释让人跌眼镜。不过这里的which和reducing前面的逗号都和integration隔着状语。可能which去指代前面的句子（虽然ETS不允许），ing作状语。

114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

(A) baggage so light

(B) baggage being so light

(C) baggage, yet being so light

(D) baggage, and so light（E）

(E) baggage yet was so light

Choice E, the best answer, states that although the canoe could transport cargo of considerable weight, it was light: a canoe... which could carry... yet was... light.... Here, the conjunction yet is appropriately and correctly used to link two verb phrases. Choices A and B do not use yet with a verb parallel to could carry and thus fail to express this contrast. Furthermore, both place adjectival constructions after baggage, illogically stating that the eight hundred pounds of baggage, rather than the canoe, was light. Choice C supplies yet but ungrammatically uses the participle being where was is required. Similarly, D omits the necessary verb after and; and here again, the use of and rather than yet fails to express the contrast.

问题：这里a canoe about…., which；which前面不是紧跟先行词，有没有上面指代句子的问题？？

前面with small ribs and rails of cedar是插入语，canoe是中心词。但是我觉得which不能排除修饰mall ribs and rails of cedar的嫌疑。

119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.

(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of

(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business

(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of

(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business（B）

(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

Choice B, the best answer, uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. In A, to business is awkwardly and confusingly inserted between cost and the prepositional phrase that modifies it, and are already a cost to business is wordy and awkward compared to cost business. In C, already with business costs of... is awkward and unclear, failing to specify that those prior effects generate the cost. Choices D and E produce faulty constructions with the phrase significant in compounding, which cannot grammatically modify the verb form is growing.

语法上可以用are来限定which指代的是effects而不是abuse吗？？

可以用cost来决定，A是错的。当然A的are应该可以用来连接effects。

所以我觉得 “N+修饰语，which”中的which可以指向N，其实就是which指向名词词组的中心词。但是“N+状语，which”中的which不能修饰N。

正是因为OG里类似于114和119的这种which可以修饰中心词，所以我认为：

Q9:By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase their share of the country’s $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

A. their share of the country’s $21 billion book market from 6 percent to 10 percent, a market ranging
B. from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges
C. to 10 percent from 6 percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging
D. in its share, from 6 percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges
E. to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country’s $21 billion book market, which ranges

中的B 的which也可以指向book market in the country的中心词book market， 虽然B的the $21 billion book market in the country是its share of the $21 billion book market in the country的一部分，但是E的the country’s $21 billion book market也是its share of the country’s $21 billion book market的一部分。既然E的which可以指向名词短语the country’s $21 billion book market， 那么B的which一样可以指向名词短语the $21 billion book market in the country。而且from to比to from要正规。凭什么选E不选B。不是说to from不对，但是能用from to却用to from，是有些pretentious。

请指正。  

Keep in mind that:

1, A sentence must be logically right. It is the first priority and the last defence line of ETS.

2, Most of the times, "which" modifies the closest words, but there is exceptation. Pls refer to 1.

eg:

18-->> CDE wrong as 'contribute to sth/doing sth'; in A and B, since 'reduces' is singular, it must refer to 'housing integration' or 'housing'. According to logical sence, which is mentioned earlier, 'housing' , not 'housing integration' doesn't reduce the needs. Therefore, A is right. By the way, 'which' is not allowed to refer to the previous SENTENCE, although it's widely used in spoken english.

114, Logically, 'which' has to refer to 'canoe'. very straight forward.

119

1) D and E are wrong with unnecessary 'in' here.

2) C is wrong as there are too many mistakes such as 'unnecessary comma', ' adverb modifies prep.', etc.

3) "which" undoubtedly modifies 'effects' as both A and B use it that way. the testing point, however, lies at the usage of 'cost'. A is obviously wrong.

B. from 6 percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges
b中which前面的先行词country造成了歧义，而e没有这个问题。至于increase from ..to还是 increase to...from 在这里是个陷阱。