那个。。。prep08(part1) 187.。。找不到这个知识点的讨论。。

泾渭不凡

187.United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic Party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.

A.that included

B.which includes

C.including

D.some of which were

E.among them being

正确选项：C~~
饭饭选对了~~但是对D的错误的解释不太懂哎~
C．Correct；including比which included更为简洁、明确，including介词短语修饰前面短语的核心词posts补丁：（应该就是跳过介词短语修饰中心词吧）。

D．some of which与所指的posts相隔太远。



注：黄色部分是饭饭自己加的布丁。。请问大家：如果C中的including可以跳跃了，那么D中的为什么不可以跳跃。

附：饭饭当初是从简洁角度排除D的。
谢谢大家！

lyc50336

Mark!!!!!!!!!!!!!

wellsli

神贴...好和谐的讨论  那这个including引导的介词短语，能够修饰的范围到底有多大呢？

宝爱一

很N的帖子，不能沉了嘎~~吼吼~~丁丁~~

泾渭不凡

to 半阙：好温暖滴姑娘啊~~谢谢例子补充~~
to babybearmm: 呵呵~~谢谢baby姐姐一直很帮帮饭饭啊，学到好多哦~~真感激哦~~

babybearmm

我严重同意斑斑说的，争论句首的"v-ing+comma" modifier到底是noun modifier还是adverbial modifier没有意义，只要逻辑上applies to the subject就行，殊途同归。

aeo：
1)我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。

prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。

而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义



摘自prep08语法笔记~饭饭呢知道大家都有~~但是看完介个贴纸再看这段话滴体悟应该是不同的~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/2/16 1:00:50)

半阙

给饭饭贴一道类似的题哦~

25. GWD31-Q25

Most European countries offer a variety of programsfor assisting working parents, which include paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and they subsidize public nurseries and kindergartens.

A.for assisting working parents, which include paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and they subsidize

B.for the assistance of working parents, to include paid maternity and paternity leaves, also financial allowances for families with children, and subsidizing

C.in order to assist working parents, to include paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and to subsidize

D.to assist working parents, which includes paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and they also subsidize

E.to assist working parents, including paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and subsidized

这个选E
一样的知识点哈~~

泾渭不凡

aeo：
1)我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。

prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。

而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义



摘自prep08语法笔记~饭饭呢知道大家都有~~但是看完介个贴纸再看这段话滴体悟应该是不同的~

泾渭不凡

饭饭,哥来支持你了…
这是一个effectiveness的错误
用some of which来指代/修饰时主要要注意一点：它的修饰含义/手法和which一样，也就是说which在指代时会犯的错误some of which也会犯，which适用/不适用的地方some of which同样适用/不适用。
在此题中，如果我们把some of which看成which(注意：只是从结构上来划等号而不是从意思上)，很明显不如including好，因为-ing在逗号后面能跳过很多种结构来修饰且这种跳跃貌似很被出题者喜欢。至于which有时的确可以跳过prep. phrase进行指代但毕竟那是在没有更好的选择下，即不到一些特殊的情况正确答案很少让which跳跃来指代（记得GWD还是prep有一道题有两个选项比较迷惑1，to…from..prep. phrase X, which…. 2，from…to…X prep. phrase, which, 正确选项是1。2中的主要错误是which需要跳过一个prep. phrase来修饰X）
但我觉得这只是一个effectiveness的错误，即假如没有including那个选项some of which也可当作正确答案,（在我刚才举的那个例子中如果没有1，2同样也可以当作正确答案）不过这只是我的观点，谨慎对待

-- by 会员 justabeginning (2012/2/15 1:32:42)

~~~~~~>0<~~~~~~路飞阁阁最好了.....谢谢路飞~！.....这个贴纸不知道肿么了........昨天就是没人理啊......
饭饭这里明白路飞的意思了：
   就是从表达句意修饰有效性这一方面来看：
                                           （1）在非限制性定语修饰名词，被修饰名词和修饰词之间有介词短语酱紫滴结构间隔的时候，V-ing结构做非限制性定语修饰的“跳跃能力”要强于which引导的非限制性定语从句，就是说这个时候V-ing结构的非限制性定语更具有效性。
                                            （2）在 ", which" 引导定语从句结构做非限制性定语修饰的时候，与被修饰词之间最好没有介词短语结构间隔，遵循touch rule是最好的，但这不是绝对性错误。

还有就是some of which等酱紫关于which从句的结构做要注意的语法点是和which相同的~~

明白了~~~饭饭这里谢过路飞~~！~~~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/2/15 7:41:02)

babybearmm

good find! thx!!
之前我查词典都没查到including有prep这个词性呢，这下确认啦

我不是牛牛
baby姐，嗯~自己都忘了用了these特指了
including看自己理解吧，我认为它就是放在句尾，修饰句中的某个名词。
朗文认为它是个介词。
in·clud·ing
prep
used to introduce something or someone that is part of a larger group or amount you have just mentioned
　The price is £25.50, including postage and packing.修饰主语
　You'll need a variety of skills, including leadership and negotiating.修饰宾语

-- by 会员 yiayia (2012/2/15 11:18:31)