1. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the cars’ potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop, has been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends.
(A) cars’ potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive
(B) cars’ potential energy, a gain achieved as they are lifted by a chain drive
(C) potential energy from the cars’ being lifted by a chain drive
(D) potential energy of the cars, gained as a chain drive lifts them（D）
(E) potential energy gained by the cars, being achieved while a chain drive lifts them
看了所有的讨论，大家说D中 gained虽有修饰cars的嫌疑但问题不大，因为从意思上容易判断。我想知道：排除意思上的因素，过去分词修饰是就近原则吗？还是中心词原则？
看这个题：
7. Since the 1930’s aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.
(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly
(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped
(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect
(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner
(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so
前人在讨论的时候得出这样的结论：A中shaped有修饰airplanes的嫌疑，那么说过去分词修饰不是就近原则了？
有点糊涂了
这道题答案是什么，是B还是C
为什么不能选C呀，
After more than four decades of research and development, a new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help boost cargoes into space at significantly lower costs than current methods permit.
A. tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help
B. tested that could eventually have the capability of propelling aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or to help
C. tested, eventually able to propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours, or helping
D. tested, and it eventually could propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or helping
E. tested, and it could eventually have the capability to propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or help
这道题大家是否选A呀前人讨论过，这两道题有点相似呀
a of b+修饰语到底是先修饰a还是b确实是一个难点！正如swordhere说的有两个原则：一个是就近修饰，一个是中心词原则，而两者是矛盾的。
所以我做题的方法是先用其他差异来排除选项，如果只存在由此修饰对象问题而引起的差异，那么我倾向于“优先修饰中心词”原则。
请NN解释。
答案是d吧
没有生命的事物的所有格用of较好，不大会用‘s
答案是d吧
没有生命的事物的所有格用of较好，不大会用‘s
另外结合主动优于被动原则，就应该选D
a of b+修饰语到底是先修饰a还是b确实是一个难点！正如swordhere说的有两个原则：一个是就近修饰，一个是中心词原则，而两者是矛盾的。
所以我做题的方法是先用其他差异来排除选项，如果只存在由此修饰对象问题而引起的差异，那么我倾向于“优先修饰中心词”原则。
请NN解释。
这个问题也困扰了我很久，盼请高人指点！小生感激不尽！
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