13.State officials report that soaring rates of liability insurance have risen to force cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.
(A)rates of liability insurance have risen to force
(B)rates of liability insurance are a force for
(C)rates for liability insurance are forcing
(D)rises in liability insurance rates are forcing
(E)liability insurance rates have risen to force
C中的are forcing如果改成have forced或者have been forcing，对不对？
能不能仔细说说三者的区别，我觉得意思差得不多，谢啦！！
我认为题目中主要是想要表达soaring rates和forcing这两个动作是同时进行的，所以即使有have been这样的情况，也不应该作为答案。
State officials report that soaring rates for liability insurance are forcing cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.
【OG】correctly uses the progressive verb form are forcing to indicate an ongoing situation.
soaring rates高涨的保险率是正在发生的现象，are forcing cutbacks是现象造成的结果，如果用 have fored或have been forcing，就表示正在出现的现象造成过去的结果，在时态的次序和逻辑上都有问题！
现在发生的现象只能造成现在或未来的结果！
但report只能报告已经发现的现象，所以这里只能用一种时态，进行时！
真理越辩越明啊,感谢诸位master!
State officials report that soaring rates for liability insurance are forcing cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.
【OG】correctly uses the progressive verb
form
are forcing to indicate an ongoing situation.
soaring rates高涨的保险率是正在发生的现象，are forcing cutbacks是现象造成的结果，如果用 have fored或have been forcing，就表示正在出现的现象造成过去的结果，在时态的次序和逻辑上都有问题！
现在发生的现象只能造成现在或未来的结果！
但report只能报告已经发现的现象，所以这里只能用一种时态，进行时！
不是很同意，查过语法字典，对于现在完成时的解释是
| 现在完成时 | ||
根据后一种解释，就是可以造成现在的结果！E选项我觉得主要是重复造成的问题。Open to discuss! | ||
lesliejyz也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
你说的这样的用法的确有的
比如mary ，who was born in sweden in 1956,has lived in US since 1980
这样的句子的的确有持续到现在的意思，但是动作的始发态始在过去
如果上面的题目使用这样的时态，则说明liability insurance rates have risen to force发生在过去，并且现在也一直在持续
这样和句子本来的意思不一样了，句子的本来意思是，持续上升的rates的发生同时发生了什么。。。。
lesliejyz也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
你说的这样的用法的确有的
比如mary ，who was born in sweden in 1956,has lived in US since 1980
这样的句子的的确有持续到现在的意思，但是动作的始发态始在过去
如果上面的题目使用这样的时态，则说明liability insurance rates have risen to force发生在过去，并且现在也一直在持续
这样和句子本来的意思不一样了，句子的本来意思是，持续上升的rates的发生同时发生了什么。。。。
何谓“过去”？句子的意思：持续上升的rates的发生同时发生了什么。。。也是一个从过去持续到现在的一种状态。所以我觉得现在完成时也是可以的。
总是忘了考虑时态。。。
可以用完成时态，下面这道题就是很好的例子。
52. The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.
(A) The rising of costs
(B) Rising costs
(C) The rising cost
(D) Because the rising cost
(E) Because of rising costs
C is the best choice. In choice A, The rising of costs is unidiomatic (rise 有名词，用rising当然会错), and in B costs... has lacks subject-verb agreement. Choices D and E produce sentence fragments since Because makes the clause subordinate rather than independent.
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