ChaseDream
标题: 关于代词指代的问题，请各位大侠看过来。 [打印本页]
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-16 21:28
标题: 关于代词指代的问题，请各位大侠看过来。
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
the key is C. but "they" 前面有两个复数Olympic Games and pugnacious states。
8. A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but that they will, or could, be made sufficiently safe in the *future.
(A) that they will, or could,
(B) that they would, or could,
(C) they will be or could,
(D) think that they will be or could
(E) think the power stations would or could
the key is D. "they" 前仍有两个复数 A majority of 和 power stations。
我的问题: 是不是they等代词可以就近指代。除非在they与其指代对象中间有一个复数，才算是模糊指代？否则不管前面有几个复数，只要最近的的那个复数是其指代对象，就不算模糊指代？ 盼复。多谢。。。。
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-17 00:55
再来一个例子，下题答案是E。 D之所以错是不是因为homes夹在they和其指代对象Americans中间了？所以they的指代模糊。
204. During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.
(A) that they can
(B) that they could
(C) on which they can
(D) because they can
(E) for which they could
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-17 03:00
以下是引用luoyx在2003-9-16 21:28:00的发言：
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
the key is C. but "they" 前面有两个复数Olympic Games and pugnacious states。
8. A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but that they will, or could, be made sufficiently safe in the *future.
(A) that they will, or could,
(B) that they would, or could,
(C) they will be or could,
(D) think that they will be or could
(E) think the power stations would or could
the key is D. "they" 前仍有两个复数 A majority of 和 power stations。
我的问题: 是不是they等代词可以就近指代。除非在they与其指代对象中间有一个复数，才算是模糊指代？否则不管前面有几个复数，只要最近的的那个复数是其指代对象，就不算模糊指代？ 盼复。多谢。。。。
我不认为代词指代有就近指代的原则。一般情况下从句主语代词优先指代主句主语。其他的原则很少，就是避免歧义。你举的两个例子其实多少都有歧义，但是没有办法，我们是在优选别人提供的答案，但不是PERFECT答案。从OG的解释来看，从句中的代词优先指代主语，这是一定的，但不是就近。当然，所谓歧义我们也没有道理把它提到一个特别的高度，变成了抬杠，也有些极端了。关键看代词所指代的意思是不是真的会产生明显的模糊性。上面2题实际上细想也不会有太大歧义。
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-17 03:01
以下是引用luoyx在2003-9-17 0:55:00的发言：
再来一个例子，下题答案是E。 D之所以错是不是因为homes夹在they和其指代对象Americans中间了？所以they的指代模糊。
204. During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.
(A) that they can
(B) that they could
(C) on which they can
(D) because they can
(E) for which they could
D中CAN的时态有问题。
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-17 12:21
不同意“我们是在优选别人提供的答案，但不是PERFECT答案。” 指代模糊是GMAT语法的一个极重要的高级考点，几乎和平行结构一样重要。因此，gmat自己在这方面决不会含糊。
按照你所说的"从句中的代词优先指代（主句）主语，这是一定的." 在第一题中，选项c是：
The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month。
主句主语是Olympic Games，那么从句they是不是应优先指代Olympic Games呢？但实际确指代pugnacious states。这是有歧意的。
我不想抬杠，只是觉得GMAT很多语法点还没有理解透。GMAT要考高分，语法比阅读和逻辑都重要。
请大家指教。
作者: 八戒 时间: 2003-9-17 15:46
12、我想在第一道题目中，The Olympic Games 是否是一个专有名词，如果是这个的话，那他就应该是一个单数，这样后面的they就不会产生歧义拉！！！
8、D选项倒是比较明显，因为but后面省略了主语A majority of the international journalists ，后面的they当然不会有歧义！
204、我想楼主对D的解释是没有错的！
E非常巧妙，他用了一个定语丛句which指代homes，但我有疑问的是they是指代home mortgage foreclosures 或则Americans，看起来好象都可以，是不是到这步，就只好时态来判断了！！
作者: precious 时间: 2003-9-17 15:53
其实“优选”是很重要的原则，因为语言不象数学黑白分明，对就是对，错就是错，有人说我们应该做“soft mind”的人，而不是“heart mind"
你举的3个例子，有的答案全是they，则不必考虑是否指代模糊，因为它不是该题的考点，如果有出现名词，但又存在corrective错误，则只能选相对正确的。因为ETS并没有给我们在考场上和他们争辩或写下我们意见的机会，在考场上，只能相信考官是永远正确的。
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-17 18:02
八戒，我在网上查过，所有的Olympic Games 谓语都是复数。
percious，您提到的“有的答案全是they，则不必考虑是否指代模糊”是不是第三题？因为其它两题的答案都是有区别的。
在第三题中，虽然都是they，正如八戒所说，其中有的选项是非常巧妙的。如E，请仔细体会一下D与E的区别。they在这里应该是考点。出题人在这方面应该是煞费苦心的。
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-17 21:31
其实，我依然觉得代词指代的问题我们不要把它神秘化，似乎只要前面有两个复数，后面的they就一定有歧义。代词指代的确是GMAT中的一个很ETS的杀招，但是它是在合理逻辑意思下的代词指代问题，不能脱离这个大的前提。例如八戒提的那个问题就很好，但是我们在看到afford的时候，就应该有感觉，说home mortgage foreclosures can afford....是不合理的，因为英语中的动词不象汉语中那么灵活，怎么用都可以，在主动的afford的状态下，通常“人”做主语比较合适。另外The Olympic Games 一般不会proclaimed，也是“人”发出的动作。8题中也是nuclear power stations be made sufficiently safe in the *future.比较合理，而不是A majority of the international journalists ，但这些都是逻辑意思合理性引发的代词指代的合理性问题。所以我不认为这几题有代词指代问题。同时，关于就近指代的问题，不管是否有这个原则，我想我们是不太敢在实际中用的，因为我们一定会看动词的动作是谁发出的更合理，如果谁发出都合理，说明出现了代词指代歧义问题。
说实话，以前我也有过那种感觉，就是前面出现多个复数名词的时候，后面的THEY就觉得问题很多，可能是受LZM书的影响太深，他的东西不错，但是的确有些绝对。我会找些OG的例子和大家一起讨论，搬掉这块绊脚石。
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-18 06:19
希望大家讨论。
作者: 八戒 时间: 2003-9-18 10:40
代词指代的确是GMAT中的一个很ETS的杀招，但是它是在合理逻辑意思下的代词指代问题，不能脱离这个大的前提
braveMBA，这句话是很ETS的！！
其实在OG的很多对代词指代错误的是have not logical reference!!
当然也有the reference is unclear
我想大家可以总结和体会一下！
作者: xianwharton 时间: 2003-9-18 10:54
我倒是觉得204的afford 的用法是考点，但很奇怪我查了很多地方也未发现afford和for 能连用，难道for 是和payment 连用吗？
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-18 12:08
我不是反对用合理逻辑意思解题。但这种方法不是太使用。应为每个人的逻辑都不一样。中国人和外国人的逻辑思维在某些方面也不一样。而且逻辑是一个模糊的概念，不同严谨程度导致结果截然不同。如一下机井题。大家认为them的指代有没有问题？如果能搞清楚逻辑指代问题，一下就可以排除2个答案。可见其在GMAT中的重要性。
Question: Goverment distributed eletronic books and computers into high
schools ___________________the textbooks.
1)for use in place of
2)for use to replace
3)to use them to replace
4)to use them in place of
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-18 22:02
对，LUOYX。只要我们用不同的方法作对了题，就可以了，其实GMAT这个东东，没法说它，哈哈，就象是一个圈呀。木川那贴分析得很好。让我们一起找更多的方法，突破这关吧。
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-19 14:07
今天考完，7xx，有两道逻辑指代题。一道在前10题，一道在前20题。其中一道没把握。题目记不清了。指代问题还是一个重要考点。
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-19 21:28
恭喜呀，LUOYX。
作者: luoyx 时间: 2003-9-19 23:05
Thanks braveMBA. Thank your for discussing this issue with me in patience.
By the way, my MBA score is "鸡肋“。not so good.
作者: braveMBA 时间: 2003-9-19 23:09
先休息休息，离开GMAT几天。考试的感想、经验还没有看到，是否可以分享？
GOOD LUCK！BUDDY！
作者: joice 时间: 2003-9-20 07:41
afford for is right.
作者: atongmu 时间: 2003-9-20 14:27
很重要的语法点，很好的一个帖子。加个精华吧，方便大家长期继续讨论。
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-22 23:56
关于代词的指代问题，我想下面几点是明确的：
1) 并无就近指代的规则，如果看到代词就将其等同于前面最靠近它的、在数上与其一致的名词，肯定是错误的。不仅如此，我们也不应该以就近指代的思路想问题；
2) 从句中的做主语的代词优先指代主句主语。这是ETS认可的规则。但注意是“优先”，不是“永远”，否则下面的句子就无法解释了；
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
3) 逻辑判定是无比重要的。如果“优先指代”使得句子不通，则需要通过逻辑来判定其指代的对象。当然，这也适合于没有“优先指代”规则可用的情况；
4) 我们不应该试图寻找（实际上也不存在）一条简单的、适用任何情况的通则来判定代词的指代对象。正因为如此，代词的指代问题才具有挑战性，代词指代才能成为ETS喜欢的考点。如果一条简单规则就可以搞定所有题目，那还有考的必要与价值吗？
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-23 0:02:50编辑过]
作者: xianwharton 时间: 2003-9-23 19:20
og 227的代词指代问题
227. Judicial rules in many states require that the identi-ties of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut the testi-mony, but the Constitution explicitly requires only that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court.
(A) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut
(B) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut
(C) that the defendants should know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so they can attempt a rebuttal of
(D) the identities of all prosecution witnesses should be made known to defendants so they can attempt rebutting
(E) making known to defendants the identities of all prosecution witnesses so that they can attempt to rebut
In English the subjunctive mood is used to express a wish or requirement that a certain course of action be taken. Such phrasing takes the form to wish [or] require that x be y, not that x should be y or that x is y. Choice B, therefore, is best. In place of the subjunctive, A uses the indicative are and E uses an awkward gerund, making, while C and D contain the unnecessary should. A and C also omit that after so, and D omits that after require. The phrase attempt to rebut is more idiomatic than the phrases that replace it in C and D. Choices C and E awkwardly place the plural noun witnesses between the plural pronoun they and its referent, defendants.
请问so that 后的they 在语法上是不是优先指代the identities of all prosecution witnesses，但从逻辑上是指代defendants，那这种情况下我觉得就是指代不清了，不知对不对
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-23 22:54
以下是引用xianwharton在2003-9-23 19:20:00的发言：
请问so that 后的they 在语法上是不是优先指代the identities of all prosecution witnesses，但从逻辑上是指代defendants，那这种情况下我觉得就是指代不清了，不知对不对
B选项中的they的指代不是完美清晰的。凡是不符合“优先指代”规则的情况都会出现这样的问题。
但不能说这种情况就是指代不清了，因为这个选项从逻辑的角度看，其中they是不可能指代identities的，只能指代人。从逻辑的角度能够清晰地判断其指代对象。
更不能说这就是错误的，毕竟“优先指代”是“优先”，不是永远。
或者说违背“优先指代”规则的选项有可能是正确的选项。
毕竟，世界上没有完美无缺的语言。
或者以安哥的话来说，这只是EFFECTIVENESS的问题，而非CORRECTIVENESS。
作者: remeo 时间: 2003-9-23 23:09
建议大家通过美国人来解释一下这个问题应该会更有用些，
我去email问问，看看有无更好的意见
作者: xianwharton 时间: 2003-9-24 09:07
gemj是这样的，我是看了bravemba的一个帖子才有如下疑问的，总觉得ets要想让一选项错那他肯定能找出理由来：OG中很多地方在解释代词指代，尤其是it的代词指代问题，更容易出现混淆。关于就近指代和主语优先的问题，我觉得不是关键，完全可以通过逻辑意思的判断跳过。例如OG中另外一个经典的代词指代的例子。OG50。
50. As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
A.As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
B.A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult.
C.As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult.
D.A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.
E.As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.
看OG的解释，根本就是在做逻辑题，抓住了一个核心问题，人和视力的关系，几乎所有的解释都在围绕指代逻辑合理性说。
OG是这么解释A的：
In choice A, it, the subject of the main clause, seems to refer to baby, the subject of the subordinate clause; thus, A seems to state that the newborn baby, rather than its sense of vision, would be rated 20/500.
所以语法上的优先指代，如果存在逻辑意思的混淆，当然也就发生了指代模糊的问题，
那么在A 中it 从语法上我们可知其指代baby，但我们从逻辑上可判断它是指its sense of vision那从逻辑上说A 就不应该错了，请讨论。
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-24 12:02
以下是引用xianwharton在2003-9-24 9:07:00的发言：
gemj是这样的，我是看了bravemba的一个帖子才有如下疑问的，总觉得ets要想让一选项错那他肯定能找出理由来：OG中很多地方在解释代词指代，尤其是it的代词指代问题，更容易出现混淆。关于就近指代和主语优先的问题，我觉得不是关键，完全可以通过逻辑意思的判断跳过。例如OG中另外一个经典的代词指代的例子。OG50。
所以语法上的优先指代，如果存在逻辑意思的混淆，当然也就发生了指代模糊的问题，
那么在A 中it 从语法上我们可知其指代baby，但我们从逻辑上可判断它是指its sense of vision那从逻辑上说A 就不应该错了，请讨论。
这个例子并不影响我的结论。
这个题目不选A，是因为A中的第一个IT可能导致混乱和误解，而相比而言，D是多么地完美无缺啊！
更况且A中的第二个it无论指代什么都说不通。ETS在解释错误的时候，好多的错误它不谈，不知是何居心？况且本题的第二个错误更加严重！
再说一遍我的意思：出现这种有可能产生歧义的指代时，也就是句子的有效性（EFFECTIVENESS）出现问题时，我们要高度警惕。如果有更好的选项，则将其抛弃！
但并不是说看它就不可能成为正确的答案。
By the way, xianwharton的确切的意思是什么我还不是十分清楚。
你是说我的什么观点有问题，还是想找一条确定的法则应对所有的题目？
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-24 12:03:20编辑过]
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-24 12:31
以下是引用xianwharton在2003-9-24 9:07:00的发言：
那么在A 中it 从语法上我们可知其指代baby，但我们从逻辑上可判断它是指its sense of vision那从逻辑上说A 就不应该错了，请讨论。
就算没有A中的第二个错误，也不能选A，因为D比它好。
如果A中没有其它的错误，不能说A是错的，只能说它不好，不完美，它将堕落成一个矮子，矮子也有可能当将军；但不是肯定要当将军。
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-24 14:35:03编辑过]
作者: xianwharton 时间: 2003-9-26 11:08
35. In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Gogh's view of an iron bridge over the Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was the second highest price ever paid for a painting at auction.
(A) Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was
(B) Rhone, which sold for $20.2 million, was
(C) Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million,
(D) Rhone was sold for $20.2 million, being
(E) Rhone, sold for $20.2 million, and was
A comma is needed after Rhone in choices A and D to set off the modifying phrase that begins Vincent...; without the comma, the phrase appears to be part of the main clause, and it is thus unclear what noun should govern the verb sold. Furthermore, it in A has no logical referent, and being in D is not idiomatic. Choices B and E produce the illogical statement that the painting was the second highest price. Choice C, the best answer, avoids this problem by using a noun phrase in which price clearly refers to $20.2 million. And by using a comma after Rhone to set off the phrase that modifies The Bridge of Trinquetaille, C makes the painting the subject of was sold.
为什么it 不能指代$20.2 million
60. According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations
The intended comparison should be completed by a clause beginning with as and containing a subject and verb that correspond to the subject and verb of the main clause. In E, the best choice, it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject owning ... land, the verb was corresponds to is, and today's young adults are appropriately compared to earlier genera-tions. Choices A and B lack a verb corresponding to is and a clear referent for that. Choices C and D are confusing and illogical because their verbs, did and have, cannot substitute for is in the main clause.
为什么that 不能指代a goal
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-27 00:05
以下是引用xianwharton在2003-9-26 11:08:00的发言：
60. According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations
为什么that 不能指代a goal
不是不可以指代，是不能明确地指代a goal。
注意ETS的解释是：
Choices A and B lack a verb corresponding to is and a clear referent for that.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-27 0:05:52编辑过]
作者: xianwharton 时间: 2003-9-27 09:24
gmej我的意思就i是为什么不能clear referent for that，根据逻辑意思that 明显指代a goal，虽然也可能指代owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land但owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land和a goal是用is连接的，两者是同等的概念，所以我认为不存在clear referent for that 的问题。
作者: gemj 时间: 2003-9-27 19:06
我想ETS在这里说的不能明确地指代a goal是从语法上说的，从逻辑上应该可以搞定THAT的指代对象。
从语法上，并不止你说的这两种可能性（owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land和a goal），还可能指代poll、house、land。从语法上好像没有规则可以排除这些可能性吧？
当然这个题目的主要问题在于结构上不如E完美，E与前面的句子构成了非常好的对称。
作者: joywzy 时间: 2003-12-1 16:06
以下是引用gemj在2003-9-22 23:56:00的发言：关于代词的指代问题，我想下面几点是明确的：
1) 并无就近指代的规则，如果看到代词就将其等同于前面最靠近它的、在数上与其一致的名词，肯定是错误的。不仅如此，我们也不应该以就近指代的思路想问题；
2) 从句中的做主语的代词优先指代主句主语。这是ETS认可的规则。但注意是“优先”，不是“永远”，否则下面的句子就无法解释了；
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek
world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
3) 逻辑判定是无比重要的。如果“优先指代”使得句子不通，则需要通过逻辑来判定其指代的对象。当然，这也适合于没有“优先指代”规则可用的情况；
4) 我们不应该试图寻找（实际上也不存在）一条简单的、适用任何情况的通则来判定代词的指代对象。正因为如此，代词的指代问题才具有挑战性，代词指代才能成为ETS喜欢的考点。如果一条简单规则就可以搞定所有题目，那还有考的必要与价值吗？
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-23 0:02:50编辑过]
gmej讲得相当有理啊。只是这个题中，我仍然认为从句中的主语代词优先指代主句的主语。答案是不是有错啊？
作者: solome 时间: 2003-12-3 00:48
The Olympic Games 不能发出这个动作呢proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
没有错误
作者: joywzy 时间: 2003-12-3 08:22
以下是引用solome在2003-12-3 0:48:00的发言：
The Olympic Games 不能发出这个动作呢proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
没有错误
solome,这个题所以我认为C错了，因为逻辑意思不对啊。从句的主语优先指代主句的主句啊。你再瞧瞧。
谢谢。
作者: mariezhu 时间: 2003-12-3 13:46
唉，终于跳出来一个说C不对的了，要不我还真不好意思说（怕错了，受到攻击，呵呵）大家一直在讨论这道题的代词指代问题，固然很好，但是我觉得答案A其实完全正确，还少了代词之争，或者间接维护了代词应当首指主句主语这一原则。
看看A“奥林匹克运动有助于在希腊各个矛盾重重的国家间维护和平，因为在这节日般的一个月里会宣布一次神圣的停战协定”in that 在这里表示原因，解释为什么奥林匹克运动有助于和平，而且也很好地说出了truce的时间，即DURING the month.
而C首先有代词指代的疑虑，而且意思也没有A effective，A说的是Olympics好，因为…., 很合理的因果关系陈述。而C的意思仔细研究起来说的是：Olympics好，当（when）各国为这个月（Olympics召开这个月）宣布停战。岂不是有隐含意思，还有的Olympics Games不好，当各国不宣布停战？
各位大牛可不要笑话我，说我颠倒黑白还振振有词啊。
作者: solome 时间: 2003-12-3 22:51
A中还有in that 使用不当以及被动语态的问题
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=23&ID=14357
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-12-3 22:54:06编辑过]
作者: bluestone1 时间: 2003-12-3 23:25
以下是引用mariezhu在2003-12-3 13:46:00的发言：
唉，终于跳出来一个说C不对的了，要不我还真不好意思说（怕错了，受到攻击，呵呵）大家一直在讨论这道题的代词指代问题，固然很好，但是我觉得答案A其实完全正确，还少了代词之争，或者间接维护了代词应当首指主句主语这一原则。
看看A“奥林匹克运动有助于在希腊各个矛盾重重的国家间维护和平，因为在这节日般的一个月里会宣布一次神圣的停战协定”in that 在这里表示原因，解释为什么奥林匹克运动有助于和平，而且也很好地说出了truce的时间，即DURING the month.
而C首先有代词指代的疑虑，而且意思也没有A effective，A说的是Olympics好，因为…., 很合理的因果关系陈述。而C的意思仔细研究起来说的是：Olympics好，当（when）各国为这个月（Olympics召开这个月）宣布停战。岂不是有隐含意思，还有的Olympics Games不好，当各国不宣布停战？
各位大牛可不要笑话我，说我颠倒黑白还振振有词啊。
敬佩你用于挑战标准答案的勇气，In fact, 很多标准答案并不标准
我认为 during the festival’s month 和 for the festival month 是个问题
但 作为状语 他们是修饰 谓语 proclaim 而不是 主语的
作者: whitecloud57179 时间: 2003-12-4 02:59
我同意bluestone1的解释.一开始我也不明白A为什么错,我也发过一个帖子说A对C错, 后来仔细琢磨觉得应该是during the festival’s month 和 for the festival month 的问题,proclaim是for the festival month作出的, 而不是during the festival’s month作出的
作者: mariezhu 时间: 2003-12-4 10:42
[B]But here are some exceptions i find. I do believe that we can also use "in that" in sentences which do not express an idea of comparison. Besides, i think "during" is better than "for" here for it clearly demonstrates that thanks to the Olympics games, is proclaimed a truce which helps to promote peace.
ResponsiveWeb image hosting plan is flexible in that we don't charge you per image like some other hosts.
Catbirds seem social to us in that they appear to hang around - closer to us than other birds.
The Fu Hsi pattern, derived vertically, develops into a left-right sequence of hexagrams at level 6 with an ORDINALITY bias in that each hexagram is the quantitative successor of the previous when 'read' left-right.
Any more specific attempt to say God the Father is like a human father in that he is caring, unselfish, and forgiving with His children is true insofar as these attributes are assigned to Him by the Scripture, but misleading when they are held to be in contrast with a mother: mothers are all these things as well. (“like” here refers to resemblance not a comparison )
Regular IMAP is insecure in that your username, password, and all your messages are sent back and forth to the email server in "plain text" so anyone listening in can see your messages and discover your password!
The bible agrees in this regard in that at the start of Genesis, God said that the earth was VOID and WITHOUT FORM, the matter making it up, merely "waters" or lighter elements
We are very lucky in that respect in that we don’t limit ourselves to a certain audience or territory.”
Athena and I have been going over our long term relationship which was what might be called "cruelly loving" at times in that she built up a backlog of insults and complaints against me that she is now coming clean on.
she is so appalled by her experience that she finds herself alone with all, taking tacit responsibility for everything in that it is all so horrible and no one can be trusted.
Marla also demonstrates another female cinematic rarity in that she serves as the impetus behind and the cause of all of the movies eventual destruction.
作者: 橙子 时间: 2004-2-10 09:18
看到一个好贴,顶一下
作者: tianwan 时间: 2004-2-29 21:12
UP
作者: mariezhu 时间: 2004-3-24 12:05
对了，请大家再研讨一下in that的用法，是不是需要有比较的意思才能使用？
作者: cocoabean 时间: 2004-4-7 08:52
实在是好贴, 可惜我还来不及消化,回见
作者: 我爱宝宝 时间: 2004-5-4 09:54
好贴，顶！顶完再看！
作者: cmtn 时间: 2004-5-5 03:37
about OG 227
227. Judicial rules in many states require that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut the testimony, but the Constitution explicitly requires only that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court.
(A) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut
(B) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut
(C) that the defendants should know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so they can attempt a rebuttal of
(D) the identities of all prosecution witnesses should be made known to defendants so they can attempt rebutting
(E) making known to defendants the identities of all prosecution witnesses so that they can attempt to rebut
Answer: B
"that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut",
they refers to which? Identities or Defedants???
I think if C is "that the defedants know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so that they can attemp to rebut", then C is the best.
So I think "they" in here is not an absolute error, it's just not perfect but (sometimes) acceptable.
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-5-5 3:50:45编辑过]
作者: Andrea625 时间: 2004-6-28 18:07
对，这题不是专门考代词指代的。they用的凑合。
作者: caterpillar 时间: 2004-8-6 04:13
好贴，顶！
作者: numberunique 时间: 2006-3-30 22:34
The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
OG 11 给出了正确答案是D 大跌眼睛啊
作者: amber0919 时间: 2006-5-13 13:38
呵呵。..答案确实是D.但OG对A的解释在于in that.不很明白.说过去正式了。但是OG10里有 in that.那个tissue那题.
作者: amber0919 时间: 2006-5-13 13:40
19. Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
(A) because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
(B) because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
(C) because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
(D) in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is
(E) in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
答案（E）
作者: amber0919 时间: 2006-5-13 13:42
恩。in that侧重解释不同处或特别之处.
作者: mymengming 时间: 2006-7-11 15:58
以下是引用amber0919在2006-5-13 13:42:00的发言：恩。in that侧重解释不同处或特别之处.
又学到一个，3x
作者: shasha_jin 时间: 2006-12-22 03:24
(C) that the defendants should know the identities (this answer can not be right for it used should. in that clause after require, the verb should be 圆形表虚拟语气。)
作者: amywangwei 时间: 2007-5-11 23:40
对于代词指代的问题，还是很
尤其是看了前面的NN们的解释，更加地
我同意gemj说的SC里面逻辑最大！但我和xianwharton有相同的疑问，对于gemj的解释还是不明白
就拿227一个题OG的解释来说，就觉得很矛盾
227. Judicial rules in many states require that the identi-ties of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut the testi-mony, but the Constitution explicitly requires only that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court.
(A) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut
(B) that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut
(C) that the defendants should know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so they can attempt a rebuttal of
(D) the identities of all prosecution witnesses should be made known to defendants so they can attempt rebutting
(E) making known to defendants the identities of all prosecution witnesses so that they can attempt to rebut
In English the subjunctive mood is used to express a wish or requirement that a certain course of action be taken. Such phrasing takes the form to wish [or] require that x be y, not that x should be y or that x is y. Choice B, therefore, is best. In place of the subjunctive, A uses the indicative are and E uses an awkward gerund, making, while C and D contain the unnecessary should. A and C also omit that after so, and D omits that after require. The phrase attempt to rebut is more idiomatic than the phrases that replace it in C and D. Choices C and E awkwardly place the plural noun witnesses between the plural pronoun they and its referent, defendants.
红色标出的解释就是说they有指代witnesses而不是defendants的嫌疑，但显然从逻辑上看they是死也不可能指代witnesses的，那是不是说明指代不能只看逻辑，也要看语法（这里貌似用的是就近指代？？？）
但是，正确答案似乎又否定了这一点，还是表明逻辑最大，因为B里的they逻辑上是指defendants，而语法上是指identities（优先指代主句主语），但显然这里OG遵从的是逻辑指代为准的原则！
最怪的如下：
12. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.
(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses.
(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.
(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
OG的解释：Finally, the referent of they is not immediately clear in E. 要问的是they怎么就指代不明了？逻辑上肯定指小企业，语法上作为从句主语显然应该指主句主语小企业，难道这里又成了就近原则？
到底这个代词指代是怎么回事，刚刚建立起来的逻辑最大概念好像又要被颠覆了，唯一的感觉就是：反正怎么着都是OG有理
严重期待NN站出来出来解释解释！！！
作者: amywangwei 时间: 2007-5-12 22:47
过了一天多了还没人理，我顶
请NN快快现身说法！！！
作者: xie999999999 时间: 2007-5-13 00:50
楼上谢谢你把这个帖子顶上来让我看了这么个陈年好贴！
我觉得第12题主要是有as这个连词在里面，所以they 就不“immediately clear”了。容易误认为是established big businesses
227里面的C指代上确实没问题，就是逻辑上指代defendants，但ETS还是有点嫌they离他太远了，不是致命的毛病，所以说是awkwardly ， 就是说这个句子说的比较笨。相比之下B就避免了地理位置上离所指代词远的“问题”。
有趣的是，你看下OG11第102的解释，选项A也是仅仅因为离着远OG就判它错了，虽然我认为选项A确实有修饰歧义的毛病。
指代应按逻辑指代，优先指代前句主语的原则还是成立的。
还有两个几个相关的心得，放在这儿，望批判：
1，一个句子里面有好几个代词，如they，但这些代词都指代一致
2，但类似their 和they就不一定非得一致 （remember the "their wine..., they do' question in OG11)
望大家讨论。
作者: amywangwei 时间: 2007-5-13 23:55
以下是引用xie999999999在2007-5-13 0:50:00的发言：我觉得第12题主要是有as这个连词在里面，所以they 就不“immediately clear”了。容易误认为是established big businesses
为什么有as就会误认为是大企业呢？望xie999999999再给解释解释（还有as应该不是连词吧？请不要笑我问这种白痴问题，我是真不懂的说）
227我又仔细看了看OG的解释，我想如gg所说，OG确实只是说这种表达awkward，没说指代不清之类的话，而这个题把witnesses插到defendants和they之间跟B比起来，当然是不好的，是awkward的。
关于OG11-102，OG对A的解释是修饰成分位置不好，但我觉得them的纸带上是没有歧义的（整句话就一个复数名词）。我想说修饰成分位置不好主要是因为A中介词短语和-ing分词分句都用来修饰BP，都插在主语和谓语之间，又没有连接词连接，就这么孤零零的放着，感觉不是很奇怪吗？个人见解，请指教
作者: xie999999999 时间: 2007-5-14 00:17
楼上，第12题选项E里面，as一般做比较的时候都是用做连词的，as后面要加clause；（E因为没加所以错了）；所以they就很容易看成是指代上个clause的主词big business了；所以OG说指代不immediately clear；
关于OG11-102，可能我没说明白，我提它的og解释的意思是说，看OG还是得各项比较得到最优，选项有incorrect之分也有not effective之分；not effective并不一定表示错哦，只是相对不优罢了。而且进一步，not effictive是要看环境的，没准在这个句子里面不选，在那个句子里面就出现在正确选项中。这也正是为什么指代问题我们总结不出所谓原则的原因，你就可以理解为什么有的句子选指代前句主语，有的却指代就近的名词了，因为语言多变，要想清楚的表达还得要具体问题具体分析。也是不少人读OG的误区。
OG11－102我不是说them指代不清，我是说中间那个现在分词短语修饰歧义（可向前做定语，也可向后做状语）。
就是个人体会啦，希望能多少有些帮助吧。欢迎探讨。
作者: xueer 时间: 2007-7-30 04:06
晕死了，讲啥呢
作者: 笨笨可可 时间: 2008-6-25 05:08
不好意思，老帖子顶了出来。。
其实到底按照逻辑意思指代还是有限指代主语，我总觉得有一个疑问。。
有可能5个选项中2个都可能对，但是一个更加优先，所以就选优先的。？
作者: 笨笨可可 时间: 2008-6-25 05:12
以下是引用xie999999999在2007-5-13 0:50:00的发言：楼上谢谢你把这个帖子顶上来让我看了这么个陈年好贴！
我觉得第12题主要是有as这个连词在里面，所以they 就不“immediately clear”了。容易误认为是established big businesses
227里面的C指代上确实没问题，就是逻辑上指代defendants，但ETS还是有点嫌they离他太远了，不是致命的毛病，所以说是awkwardly ， 就是说这个句子说的比较笨。相比之下B就避免了地理位置上离所指代词远的“问题”。
有趣的是，你看下OG11第102的解释，选项A也是仅仅因为离着远OG就判它错了，虽然我认为选项A确实有修饰歧义的毛病。
指代应按逻辑指代，优先指代前句主语的原则还是成立的。
还有两个几个相关的心得，放在这儿，望批判：
1，一个句子里面有好几个代词，如they，但这些代词都指代一致
2，但类似their 和they就不一定非得一致 （remember the "their wine..., they do' question in OG11)
望大家讨论。
楼上的兄长，我觉得在一个句子中，物主代词和指示代词可以指代不一致。。但是又觉得不好解释。。
请看题目：大全中的
1. Although the coordination of monetary policy can help facilitate the orderly financing of existing imbalances, it is unlikely that its effect on their size is significant in the absence of an appropriate fiscal adjustment.
(A) it is unlikely that its effect on their size is significant
(B) it is unlikely that the size of their effect would be significant
(C) affecting their sizes are not likely to be significant
(D) the significance of their effect on its size is unlikely（E）
(E) its effect on their size is not likely to be significant
其实这里的A句的话：it，its 如果按照可以指代不一致的话，这句也是成立的。。
按照baiyong书上写的话：unlikely和not likely是不能互换用的。。
所以综上所说，我认为是A。。
但是我不否认E也是对的，所以我很迷惑，代词的指代到底怎么样？
请NN 再次献身。。谢谢。。
作者: lpdeng 时间: 2008-9-10 11:05
以下是引用gemj在2003-9-24 12:02:00的发言：以下是引用xianwharton在2003-9-24 9:07:00的发言：
gemj是这样的，我是看了bravemba的一个帖子才有如下疑问的，总觉得ets要想让一选项错那他肯定能找出理由来：OG中很多地方在解释代词指代，尤其是it的代词指代问题，更容易出现混淆。关于就近指代和主语优先的问题，我觉得不是关键，完全可以通过逻辑意思的判断跳过。例如OG中另外一个经典的代词指代的例子。OG50。
所以语法上的优先指代，如果存在逻辑意思的混淆，当然也就发生了指代模糊的问题，
那么在A 中it 从语法上我们可知其指代baby，但我们从逻辑上可判断它是指its sense of vision那从逻辑上说A 就不应该错了，请讨论。
这个例子并不影响我的结论。
这个题目不选A，是因为A中的第一个IT可能导致混乱和误解，而相比而言，D是多么地完美无缺啊！
更况且A中的第二个it无论指代什么都说不通。ETS在解释错误的时候，好多的错误它不谈，不知是何居心？况且本题的第二个错误更加严重！
再说一遍我的意思：出现这种有可能产生歧义的指代时，也就是句子的有效性（EFFECTIVENESS）出现问题时，我们要高度警惕。如果有更好的选项，则将其抛弃！
但并不是说看它就不可能成为正确的答案。
By the way, xianwharton的确切的意思是什么我还不是十分清楚。
你是说我的什么观点有问题，还是想找一条确定的法则应对所有的题目？
google了一下
看到了这道题目可能的出处：
“The baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision —it would be rated about 20/500, or "legally blind," as one expert puts it, but eyesight develops rapidly. ”
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949745-4,00.html
作者: zjpopo 时间: 2008-10-24 22:16
虽然是陈年老帖，但是讨论的深远意义仍然对当下的我们十分有用！
这个代词指代……
作者: 基范1987 时间: 2008-11-8 15:50
以下是引用xie999999999在2007-5-13 0:50:00的发言：楼上谢谢你把这个帖子顶上来让我看了这么个陈年好贴！
我觉得第12题主要是有as这个连词在里面，所以they 就不“immediately clear”了。容易误认为是established big businesses
227里面的C指代上确实没问题，就是逻辑上指代defendants，但ETS还是有点嫌they离他太远了，不是致命的毛病，所以说是awkwardly ， 就是说这个句子说的比较笨。相比之下B就避免了地理位置上离所指代词远的“问题”。
有趣的是，你看下OG11第102的解释，选项A也是仅仅因为离着远OG就判它错了，虽然我认为选项A确实有修饰歧义的毛病。
指代应按逻辑指代，优先指代前句主语的原则还是成立的。
还有两个几个相关的心得，放在这儿，望批判：
1，一个句子里面有好几个代词，如they，但这些代词都指代一致
2，但类似their 和they就不一定非得一致 （remember the "their wine..., they do' question in OG11)
望大家讨论。
这个我同意,呵呵,回个老贴顺便看下我新更新的资料显示没
作者: feizhuliu 时间: 2008-11-11 15:41
弱弱的问一下
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
这题为什么是C啊？是因为A B D都把一个短暂性的truce 和during month 联系起来了吗？
作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-1-20 06:33
再来一个题，供研究
182. Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.
(A) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
(B) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
(C) A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
(D) A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as
(E) Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as
D是正确选项。
附上og解释
A correct sentence will follow the idiomatic form of expression to think of X as Y. Only D, the best choice, uses as in the comparison. The infinitive to be in A and the participle being in B and C cannot grammatically and idiomatically connect those choices to the rest of the sentence. Moreover, in C the plural pronoun their does not agree with the singular noun referent, consumer. E is awkward and wordy in its use of the passive voice
这里them指代有两个可能性，consumers or substances,
og 的解释并没有提及指代歧义问题。那么og应该认可通过逻辑判断限定了指代的唯一性。但通过逻辑限定避免歧义的规则是什么？请NN赐教
作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-1-21 10:38
明白了，
这个题og之所以不认为them 有指代歧义。是因为逻辑上them 只能指代substances, 不能指代consumers, 因为consumers can be harmful to health. 逻辑意思不合理。所以无指代歧义。
作者: forgivenever 时间: 2009-2-4 15:10
还是不清楚啊，什么叫逻辑最大啊，逻辑上如果讲不通可以排除歧义，那么就不会出现指代混淆吗？那么我请问就拿下面这个题说
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
此题最早答案是C，现在OG 11的答案是D，官方解释是C中they指代不明，排除
那么按照上面的说法the Olympic Games是不能发出proclaim这个动作的，那么C应该没有指代不明，那么C就成立了，可是现在OG11说是D，
再说逻辑最大排除指代混淆这条本身在某些题上就存在模糊性
还望速度有大侠解释小生的疑惑
作者: lcy19812000 时间: 2009-2-4 21:32
哈哈，这帖子精彩异常，特别是当年gemj和xianwhaton二牛的激烈碰撞！
gemj的理论很深刻，但是遇到xianwhaton最刁难的提问好像也缺乏招架之力。
ETS啊，你真是一条变色龙。你那些前后矛盾、变幻莫测的解释，可能没人能完全掌握其中的要领了。
作者: siniaf 时间: 2009-4-30 15:45
以下是引用songlovegt在2009-1-20 6:33:00的发言：再来一个题，供研究
182. Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.
(A) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
(B) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
(C) A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
(D) A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as
(E) Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as
D是正确选项。
附上og解释
A correct sentence will follow the idiomatic form of expression to think of X as Y. Only D, the best choice, uses as in the comparison. The infinitive to be in A and the participle being in B and C cannot grammatically and idiomatically connect those choices to the rest of the sentence. Moreover, in C the plural pronoun their does not agree with the singular noun referent, consumer. E is awkward and wordy in its use of the passive voice
这里them指代有两个可能性，consumers or substances,
og 的解释并没有提及指代歧义问题。那么og应该认可通过逻辑判断限定了指代的唯一性。但通过逻辑限定避免歧义的规则是什么？
因为D 中用了单数A consumer作主语，'them' 只能是指代products,所以没有歧义！
这样，当然D就比E要好了，虽然E也是gramatically correct的。
作者: lijiahui0422 时间: 2009-9-4 12:45
好帖子，GMAC真是能自圆其说，逻辑和功能的优先飘忽不定...
所以我觉得，逻辑指代的问题，如果没有指代对象，绝对硬伤，如果指代对象模糊，综合考虑，而且我觉得指代对象模糊属于严重程度比较低的错误
作者: luluAUS 时间: 2010-2-9 14:56
我想说。。。。LZ提到的第一题OLYMPIC那个，这个OG12里答案是D，不是LZ说的C。
并且OG12解释讲it is not clear who would be proclaimng，所以。。。。
额。。。没有做过以前OG版本的人飘过去了。。。。。。。。。。也木有仔细看完所有回复帖。。。不晓得中间有没同学跟我一样发现LZ给的答案和OG12不一样咧。。。或者OG改答案了。。。
作者: rainbowmanutd 时间: 2010-4-3 10:53
奥运会的题og12确实选的D，答案解释C里面的they指代不清。
作者: wjy91928 时间: 2010-7-27 10:33
好帖~真精彩啊~与其做20道题不如好好啃一遍如此深刻的帖子！
作者: cindy796 时间: 2010-8-6 09:42
所以大家的最后结论就是，不能轻易用指代不明判断错误是吧~~~
作者: angelcity 时间: 2011-6-10 18:36
我也困惑指代问题，但当实在无法判断时,觉得应该是逻辑判断为上,语法不能像数学那样做到量化和极致
作者: xiaoyongli2008 时间: 2011-11-16 22:43
终极解释：
代词指代原则：代词优先回指中心词，做主语的代词通常优先回指主语，（语法条件符合时）当语法条件不符合则指宾语。
8题：可以考虑并列平行，结构优先。因为有一个but,缺乏一个并列的谓语。
12题：可以先排除一些 比如festival's ,of the festival 不是很简洁
作者: rickyqi 时间: 2012-2-28 22:27
个人觉得是：they could not afford the monthly payment for the homes，改成从句用for which they could not afford...，就这一个考点即可判断选E了
作者: perseus33 时间: 2012-10-9 21:12
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
作者: ARG 时间: 2013-6-7 20:15
飘过，翻出来的老帖子，NN云集，OG13也是D
作者: haveacigar233 时间: 2016-3-17 16:29
luoyx 发表于 2003-9-16 21:28
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the ...
1楼PO 主的答案弄错了吧，第一题的答案是D，第二题的答案是C
作者: YVETTEWYW 时间: 2016-7-17 15:03
luoyx 发表于 2003-9-16 21:28
12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the ...
答案弄错了啊，第一题答案D
作者: 不能告诉你 时间: 2017-5-11 10:31
关于第217题 consumers 那个 我有个不成熟的想法。阅读了很多文章你会发现 “主语 ＋think of ...as...＋句子／短语“后边的中心全部都是as前后的词语 和这句话本身的主语没关系了 后边的they them只能是household cleaning products 指代明确，不存在异议。
那些指代不明确的 比如
214题 Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions， to which they will then respond；their goal is primarily creating a robots that will empathize with us.
文章被摘录下来的时候意思是科学家造的机器人识别面部表情并且可以做出回应，科学家的目的就是为了造个于我们心领神会的机器人。
然后他们开始改题，这个时候后边的their指代的时候，可以指机器人，没有问题的，意思就变成，日本科学家造了个机器人可以识别面部作出回应的机器人，这种机器人主要目的是造出一个与我们心领神会的机器人。。。这么说绝对没问题，确实有机器人造出来生产机器人的。
但是，出题的人会觉得这是一个考点，指代不明。当然我们也可以推测，因为上下文中这个逻辑关系的出现非常的尴尬，这么写文章感觉原作者脑子坏掉了，除非前文提了一句 我们已经开始研发代替人类制造机器人的机器人了，那么后边这个their 指代的就不会混乱。
我觉得语法考的不是我们从小接触的那种意义的语法，而是逻辑思维，写作的逻辑。
作者: JohnResse 时间: 2021-3-17 14:09
我想问一下，其他赛事例如NBA，足球联赛之类的赛事是否使用谓语复数
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) |
Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |