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标题: CR Bible 经典逻辑笔记 [打印本页]

作者: Arev_19 时间: 2018-11-5 23:46
标题: CR Bible 经典逻辑笔记

Premise indicators:

a. Because

b. Since

c. For

d. For example

e. For the reason

f. In that, given that

g. As indicated by

h. Due to

i. Owing to

j. This can be seen

k. From

l. We know this by

m. Furthermore

n. Moreover

o. Besides

p. In addition

q. What’s more

r. After all

Counter-premise Indicators

a. But

b. Yet

c. However

d. On the other hand

e. Admittedly

f. In contrast

g. Although

h. Even though

i. Still

j. Whereas

k. In spite of

l. Despite of

m. After all

Conclusion indicators:

a. For this reason

b. Follows that

c. Conclude that

d. Shows that

e. Must be

f. Clearly

g. Accordingly

h. So

i. As a result

j. Consequently

k. Hence

l. Therefore

m. Thus

Inference and implication = must be true

Quantity Indicators

a. All

b. Every

c. Most

d. Many

e. Some

f. Several

g. Few

h. Sole

i. Only

j. Not all

k. none

Probability Indicators

a. Must

b. Will

c. Always

d. Not always

e. Probably

f. Likely

g. Would

h. Not necessarily

i. Could

j. Rarely

k. Never

作者: Arev_19 时间: 2018-11-6 03:50

1. CR Question Purposes:

a. Recognize errors of reasoning

b. Reconcile conflicts

c. Find arguments that are identical in structure

2. The Ten CR Question Types:

a. Must be true / Most supported

i. If the statements above are true, which of thefollowing must also be true?

ii. Which of the following can be properly inferredfrom the passage?

b. Main point

i. The main point of the argument is that…

c. Assumption

i. The argument in the passage relies on which ofthe following assumptions?

d. Strengthen / Support

i. Which of the following, if true, moststrengthens the argument?

ii. Which of the following, if true, would moststrongly support the position above?

e. Resolve the paradox

i. Which of the following, if true, would most helpto explain the rise in revenues last year?

f. Weaken

i. Which of the following, if true, most seriouslyweakens the argument above?

g. Method of reasoning

i. Which of the following describes how theargument above is developed?

h. Flaw in the Reasoning

i. The reasoning in the chemist’s argument isflawed primarily because this argument…

i. Parallel Reasoning

i. Which of the following arguments is most similarin its pattern of reasoning to the argument above?

j. Evaluate the Argument

i. The answer to which of the following questionswould contribute most to an evaluation of the argument?

3. The Three Categories:

a. Must be or Prove

i. Must be true

ii. Main point

iii. Method of reasoning

1. Proceeds

iv. Flaw in the reasoning

v. Parallel reasoning

1. Most like…in logical structure…the argumentabove.

b. Help

i. Assumption

1. Required

2. Assumption

ii. Strengthen / support

iii. Resolve the paradox

c. Hurt

i. Weaken

作者: Arev_19 时间: 2018-11-6 04:03

Must be true / Mostsupported

Incorrect Answers:

1. Could be true or likely to be true answers

2. Exaggerated answers

a. If the stimulus states: SOME software vendorsrecently implemented more rigorous licensing procedures.

b. An incorrect answer would exaggerate one or moreof the elements: MOST software vendors recently implemented more rigorouslicensing procedures.

3. NEW information answers

a. “NEW” information that is not the consequence ofthe stimulus

4. Shell game

a. An idea or concept is raised in the stimulus,and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choice, but the idea ischanged just enough to be incorrect but still attractive

5. The opposite answer

6. The reverse answer

a. The stimulus might state, many people have sometype of security system in their home.

b. An incorrect answer then reverses the elements: Somepeople have many types of security systems in their home.

Conditional Reasoning often occurs in Must Be Truequestions.

1. Valid and Invalid Statements:

To receive an A+, you must study for thetest.

1. John received an A+ on the test, so he must havestudied for the test.

a. VALID – this is an inference

b. A+ is sufficient, Study is necessary

2. John studied for the test, so he must havereceived an A+ on the test.

a. INVALID

b. Just because John studied for the test does notmean he actually received an A+.

c. Although A+ might

3. John did not receive an A+ on the test, so hemust not have studied for the test.

a. INVALID

b. Might be true but not definitely true

4. John did not study for the test, so he must nothave received an A+ on the test.

a. VALID - inference

b. If studying is the necessary condition forgetting an A+, and John did not study, then according to the original statementthere is no way John could have received an A+.

5. WORDS INTRODUCING CONDITIONAL REASONING:

a. To introduce a sufficient condition:

i. If

ii. When

iii. Whenever

iv. Every

v. All

vi. Any

vii. Each

viii. In order to

ix. People who

b. To introduce a necessary condition:

i. Then

ii. Only

iii. Only if

iv. Must

v. Required

vi. Unless

vii. Except

viii. Until

作者: Arev_19 时间: 2018-11-6 04:51

zeroed out

作者: 谁是谁的小宝贝 时间: 2021-10-29 16:23
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