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楼主辛苦咯~~~ ~好好休息哈！！！
如果还有力气。。帮我们确认一下是哪篇可以吗？
beetle 甲虫△★
V1 【by: serenashu】
讲beetle的，以前貌似没见过啊~~三段，四分之三频~~
第一段讲这个beetle还是他的fossil神马的用来研究气候？还是什么，反正很有用。作者整篇文章一直在吹嘘他，偏爱之情溢于言表啊~~
第二段把这个beetle还是他的fossil根其它的神马pollen（？）不是花粉吗？反正把这两个东东的作用比较了一下，最后当然还是那个beetle有用
第三段讲科学家用这个beetle进行神马实验，然后得出了具有用的数据。又是在赞他~~
题目我记得不难~~回原文定位一下吧~~
V2 【by: marvelmushui V35】
讲什么发现什么m化石有几个讲的是原来专家认为这个地方是一个bog 但是后来证明也可以是 open clean pond
然后说因为m 是在周围生长大的不大可能会因为不小心死在这里面最后一个假设是m沉下去死的但是后面又说有证据说明 M是死了过后浮起来然后尸体成了化石的
V3 【by: 手塚弥生的朋友】
关于甲虫说是甲虫有很多种类对测定气候很有用第二段就是举例甲虫的化石是怎样测定的定位还挺算容易的
V4 【by: 700+ 小魔女】
第一篇：将的是B动物的化石对人们了解古代温度的变化有帮助。
第一段上来就将人们越来越多的使用B来了解古代的温度。
第二段将B化石比较其他方法的优点，能够很快的反应出气候的变化并且不会因host受限。最后一句比较其与植物pollen的优点：p很容易受到污染(此处有题)
第三段将科学家如何通过b测定气候变化
考题有主旨、与pollen比较、第三段的作用
V5 【by: yinverse 670】
阅读第四篇是beetle的那个，这篇没时间做了，实在是啥都没看清，不好意思了。。。就记得问题有主旨题，一个细节题问beetle为什么比pollen更靠谱，这题我确定我选错了，原文中有contaminated by long-distant wind-啥的 pollen，应该是选花粉被污染那个选项，LZ悲剧地不认识contaminate，纠结了很久。。。
V6 【by: water_st 700】（此狗主人在和本篇V1做比对及补充）
跟花粉对比的那个绝对不是讲花粉容易被污染，
那段的句子意思如下：
相对于不能移动的花草，B有更大的活动自由，因此对于很小的气候波动，他都能及时地作出反应，因此，这也是B作为一个更好的测量标准的原因，因为P不能移动.........
问为什么有优势：B可以在短时间内怎样怎样
V7 【by: fubeilei88 V38】
记得有道题问甲虫比花粉好在哪里？我看了一下没时间了，又理不清句子，最后就胡乱选了个同义词替换的选项：rapidly respond---quickly adapt.大家碰到的话直接确认下对不对就行了。其他几道都很弱智的。
V8 【by: vague0909 V36】
2甲壳虫与天气的，这篇问了最后一段的作用我选的evaluate什么还有一道说拿甲虫与pollinate比较还是什么的我选的甲虫的反应更quick一类的选项
考古 ryangu619 winny莹（待确认）
V1
说beetle（甲虫）的化石可以用来判断过去1.5 Milliom year的气候变化。主要说到了beetle化石为啥是判断气候变化的好标准，还说道了食肉beetle和食草beetle用作判断气候变化的标准时候的不同，主要是食肉beetle对气候变化的反应更加直接。最后一段说怎么用beetle化石来判断气候变化。最后一段的作用有个题目。
最后一段有题，我实在看不懂，好像跟一个H打头的什么beetle比较的。 1.5 Milliom year那里也有题，就在头两句话，不过我实在没看懂，题也是蒙的。
V2
说发现一种beetle 的fossil 里面的几种化学物质可以证明什么古代的时间
V3
说BEETLES的化石测定天气变化的方法比很多方法实用因为活动范围大而捕食的BEETLES比食草的更适合因为食草的活动范围小
V4
说了这种化石可以反映气候变迁。他们对环境变化敏感并且在各种各样的环境中都有其身影。但是千百年来他们没有多大不同，因此他们生存的环境也比较恒定。第二段说了怎样用诸实践。
V5
是甲壳虫的那个，问了甲壳虫比pollen的优势，还有一个主题题，看得比较晕
V6 winny莹至今见过的最完整的回忆
Fossilized Beetle(FB)作为Climate的indicator. 只用现存品种作为indicator.
第一段解释为什么可以用FB 来做indicator，注重说的是FB自身的特点 e.g.冷血。
第二段说为什么不用plant/pollen 来做indicator, 却只用FB. 因为FB适应比较rapid.
第三段说 Scientist具体如何用FB来测气候变化一些方法。
问题：
Q1) 为什么fossil要比plant来得好:
JJ作者：fossil比plant好是因为 plant或者pollen 在short term的时候不能很好的反映climate change. 而beetle 的反应比较快。文中关键字 rapidly。 Sissizh 710：文中关键字 quickly （狗狗上讲rapidly，不过我觉得应该是一样的）
Q2) 问最后一段里提fossil为了什么？
Q3) 最后一个paragraph的作用
JJ作者：应该是Scientists 具体如何用beetle来测climate change.
Q4好像还有个主题题，我选的好像是 xxx（是一个动词，忘了) 一个科学方法which科学家们喜欢用，其他好像都不对。
文字搜索及编辑：winny莹:
这篇不是原文，但是考古的筒子们找到的背景阅读，我已经做过修改，非常贴近考古的JJ
WHY BEETLES ARE GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PROXIES
Beetle fossils are commonly preserved as disarticulated skeletal fragments (fig. 2) in organic sediments such as clays, peats, sands and silts (Porch & Elias, 2000).
Beetles preserve well due to their robust nature and structural details can often be distinguished allowing them to be identified to species level. In most cases identification has revealed fossilised beetles to be extant species indicating a great degree of morphological（形态学的） constancy throughout the Quaternary（地质学第四季）. This constancy includes that of key characters, such as genitalia（生殖器）, used in the identification of species. As morphology does not appear to have evolved it is generally assumed that the physiological（生理学的） requirements of beetles have also remained constant.
Evidence to support this assumption exists in the fact that the composition of beetle communities has, like morphology, remained relatively constant throughout the Quaternary and that host-specific phytophagus species can be sometimes be found in association with macrofossils of their host plant. Due to this observed constancy and the ectothermic nature of beetles – and thus their reliance on environmental conditions – beetle fossils can therefore make excellent indicators of pale environment.
HISTORY OF FOSSIL BEETLE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS
The first climate and environmental reconstruction using beetle fossils was published by Coope. Since this time beetle fossils have been increasingly used for reconstructing past environments and the associated climate. Initially this work was restricted to the United Kingdom but soon spread to continental Europe and North America
. Since then the number of studies utilizing beetle remains to reconstruct the pale environment has continued to increase, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, but also in South America and recently there has been discussion of the potential for this research in Australia. In 2002 the first New Zealand study using beetle fossils to reconstruct pale climate and pale environment was completed proving that this technique is usable in New Zealand and laying the groundwork for this study.
While the use of beetle fossils for pale climatic and pale environmental reconstruction has increased over the last four decades it is still little used when compared to other biological proxies, and in New Zealand palaeo environmental analysis is dominated by palynology even though the flora of New Zealand
is temperature-tolerant making quantification of palaeo climate difficult. Other methods of environmental and climatic reconstruction used in New Zealand are tree rings, phytoliths, aerosolic quartz influx, glacial equilibrium-line estimates, speleothems and diatoms
ADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL BEETLES OVER OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROXIES
Fossil beetle analysis has a number of advantages over other biological proxies such as pollen. Beetles are the most diverse group of organisms filling a large range of ecological roles and habitats from deserts to rainforests to the littoral（海滨的） zone. Beetles, and insects in general, respond rapidly to environmental change by dispersal（分散）, rather than undergoing speciation, and fossils are generally identifiable to species level in contrast to New Zealand palynological studies where some genera contain species with different ecological requirements, but with indistinguishable pollen.
Predatory and scavenging beetles are able to take advantage of recently modified areas (along with pioneer plant species) before the trees and shrubs with similar climatic requirements. Trees and shrubs can therefore lag behind the actual period of climatic change and the resultant spread of beetles. This ability to rapidly respond to climatic change has also revealed short-term climate fluctuations that are not observed in the pollen record. Beetles fossils also avoid the problem of contamination of the local pollen rain (and hence local climate signal) by long-distance wind dispersed pollen
Until the development of the Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) by Atkinson et. al. (1987) studies using beetle fossils were, like palynology, predominantly qualitative in nature. MCR is a method of quantifying paleoclimateand has further increased the usefulness of beetle fossils in reconstructing the past climate of the Quaternary. This quantitative method has enabled studies of beetle fossils to be compared to, or combined with, other proxy(有代表性的) data to provide a more complete paleo climatic and paleo environmental reconstruction.
MCR uses the modern distribution of a species found within a fossil beetle assemblage to construct a climate envelope for that species. This is based on the observation that the contemporary distribution of a beetle species is seen to measure its climatic tolerances. Only predators and scavengers are used to calculate MCR as the distribution of some herbivorous species may be limited by the range of a host plant rather than by direct climatic influences. The climate envelopes of all applicable species in the assemblage are overlapped to find the mutual intersection of the climatic ranges. This provides a quantitative measure of the paleoclimate at the time of the assemblage deposition. While providing a quantitative measure of temperature MCR has been found to underestimate maximum temperatures (TMAX) and overestimate minimum temperatures (TMIN) in extremely cold environments. TMIN can also be underestimated in areas with milder winters. However these errors can be corrected for using regression equations. Currently these equations have been calibrated for Europe and North American sites. The recent work by Marra(2002) has also formulated a method of establishing quantitative measures of paleoclimate for the smaller datasets normally extracted from New Zealand
sites.
Herbivorous beetle species, while excluded from MCR analysis due to their potential relationship to host-plants, are extremely useful in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Some phytophagus beetle species, such as some scolytids (bark beetles), are restricted in their distribution to certain species of trees. When discovered in a fossil assemblage these beetle species therefore indicate that the required host-plant was present at the study site at the time of deposition. The application of phytophagus beetle fossils for this purpose is possible in a New Zealand context as previously shown by Marra.
PROJECT OUTLINE
This project will use fossil beetle analysis to examine the faunal changes in fossil beetle assemblages through several glacial-interglacial cycles. At the very least, the peat and mud units associated with the warm phases will allow the examination of beetle migration and relative environmental conditions through several of these cycles.
This would be the first beetle record extending beyond one glacial cycle in the Southern Hemisphere and, when the work is complete, one of the best beetle records in the world. The work will involve the field collection of samples along chronological transects from the raised beach terraces along the coast of Westland
. Analysis of the fossil beetle material will hopefully allow the environmental and reconstruction of the past climate from each site. This research will further the development of the use of fossil beetles as high-resolution paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental indicators in New Zealand and will, in theory, provide quantitative measures of the geologically recent climate of the West Coast of the South Island. Furthermore the fossil evidence collected will provide biogeographical information on migration and distribution of the New Zealand beetle fauna in the Quaternary. In addition this study will provide the beginnings of a database of information on fossil beetles that can be used to aid future environmental reconstructions enabling the development of a clearer overall picture of the Quaternary climate and environment of New Zealand. |
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发表于 2011-4-15 16:02:50
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