【Native Speaker每日综合训练—41系列】【41-09】文史哲 orphan

ffffionabear

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本期节目是关于孤儿的~~还记得孤儿怨那个心机各种重的小女孩Esther嘛，
Speaker告诉你这可是很写实孤儿院让这些失去保护的儿童为生存奋斗，他们学会了听话，时常处于饥饿中，扮演乖小孩，实则犹如处于弱肉强食的热带丛林。
speed则分别是孤儿心理及孤儿院难题探讨
obstacle是节选孤儿心理的研究论文~~中秋大团圆也要循例来点暗黑系列就对了~~！！enjoy~~

Part I: Speaker

The tragedy of orphanages
Source: TED Talk
http://www.ted.com/talks/georgette_mulheir_the_tragedy_of_orphanages
[Rephrase 1, 10:41]

ffffionabear

Part II: Speed

The Psychological Difficulties of Orphans

[Time 2]
A study conducted on abandoned children shows that growing up in an orphanage inhibits both early mental and physical development. The study also showed that foster care can undo these negative effects to a certain degree, especially in case of girls.

The team tested 136 abandoned Romanian children placed in institutional care as part of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Of the originally institutionalized children, 69 were randomly selected and placed in foster care. However, as the orphanage couldn't find foster parents in Bucharest for the remaining 67, they remained in the orphanage.

The researchers tested the verbal skills and intelligence, the emotional and behavioral problems, and the physical characteristics of children of various ages. They have found significant differences between boys and girls.

IQ tests conducted on children between 4 and 5 years old revealed a difference between girls in foster care and those in an orphanage but showed no difference in case of boys. Girls in foster care scored an average of 82, while those who remained at the orphanage scored only 70. On the other hand, boys scored an average of 60 regardless of whether they were fostered.

The average IQ score in the general population is around 100. The below average score is probably due to the fact that intelligence is significantly influenced by what the child experiences in early life. "Many children raised in institutions are characterized by a variety of risk factors known to be associated with risk of psychiatric disorders," says Charles Zeanah of Tulane University in New Orleans. "That includes impoverished families of origin, limited prenatal care, prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs, as well as social and material deprivation after birth."
[281 words]

[Time 3]
However, the scientists don't understand exactly what causes this difference between girls and boys. Why do girls respond better to foster care, in terms of cognitive development? Is this difference caused by what happens in institutionalized care or do foster parents tend to treat boys and girls differently, for example being more talkative with girls and thus boosting their verbal skills?

"The girls placed in foster care do much better in terms of their IQ scores compared with boys," said Nathan Fox of the University of Maryland. "It's a very interesting finding. One wouldn't expect it [the sex difference] at all," said Seth Pollak, a developmental psychopathologist at the University of Wisconsin.

One possible answer was given by Zeanah. He studied emotional and behavioral disorders among fostered and institutionalized children and found that boys were more affected by behavioral disorders (such as hyperactivity and aggression) while girls were more likely to suffer from emotional disorders (such as anxiety and depression). In the same time, his team found that there was no difference between children in foster care or institutional care in case of the frequency of behavioral disorders, but on the other hand foster care tended to help in case of emotional problems.

"Girls are much more responsive to placement in foster care and have their [psychiatric] symptoms ameliorated more than boys," Zeanah notes.

The scientists discovered that psychiatric disorders were 3.5 times more common among institutionalized children than among children in normal family care.

Finally, Dana Johnson from the University of Minnesota and her colleagues studied the physical development of children in orphanages. They have found that their development was delayed - the children had noticeably lower levels of natural growth hormones. They have also discovered that in case of girls puberty was delayed, on average, by 2 years, while in case of boys it was delayed by a year and a half.

This extensive study shows that growing up in an orphanage can substantially stall early cognitive and physical development. Although foster care may reverse this to some degree there usually are permanent effects of being abandoned. The study may also give some clues of how to improve the institutionalized care.
[314 words]
Source: Softpedia
http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Psychological-Difficulties-of-Orphans-18378.shtml

The Orphanage Problem
by Virginia Hughes

[Time 4]
Last November I went to Bucharest to shadow an American neuroscientist, Charles Nelson, whose team has studied the same group of 136 Romanian orphans for the past 14 years. My (loooong) story about this project came out this week in Aeon Magazine. Here’s a snippet:

In 1999, [Nelson] and several other American scientists launched the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a now-famous study of Romanian children who were mostly ‘social orphans’, meaning that their biological parents had given them over to the state’s care. At the time, despite an international outcry over Romania’s orphan problem, many Romanian officials staunchly believed that the behavioural problems of institutionalised children were innate — the reason their parents had left them there, rather than the result of institutional life. And because of these inherent deficiencies, the children would fare better in orphanages than families.

The scientists pitched their study as a way to find out for sure. They enrolled 136 institutionalised children, placed half of them in foster care, and tracked the physical, psychological, and neurological development of both groups for many years. They found, predictably, that kids are much better off in foster care than in orphanages.
[192 words]

[Time 5]
Perhaps the strangest part of this project was that the fundamental scientific question it posed — Are orphanages bad for kids? — had already been answered. Definitively. Studies going back many decades had shown that orphanages are awful.

Research with human subjects is normally considered unethical if it doesn’t tackle novel questions. In this case, though, Nelson’s project was ethically justified because Romanian officials had not paid any attention to those previous studies. Quite the opposite: They had a strong cultural belief that state-run orphanages would protect orphans far better than unstable and untrustworthy foster parents. So the study went ahead, and exactly how it did so is the crux of my story.

During my reporting, I had a hard time wrapping my head around the Romanian cultural preference for institutions. I chalked it up to the lasting shadow of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Romanian dictator who, for decades before his assassination in 1989, had deliberately cultivated the population of institutionalized orphans to ensure loyalty to the state.
But this week I learned from fellow science writer Maia Szalavitz that the pro-orphanage idea still persists to a surprising degree.

In 2010, Szalavitz wrote a Forbes post outlining all the ways in which orphanages are damaging. In one part of the post,  she describes a fascinating early study:

Research on the dangers of institutional care for young children dates back to the 1940s. For as long as they have existed, orphanages have always had alarmingly high death rates. From the early 20th century onwards, this was blamed on contagious disease–and so, attempts were made to keep orphanages sterile, to isolate children from each other by doing things like hanging sterilized sheets between their cribs.

But Austrian psychoanalyst and physician Rene Spitz proposed an alternate theory. He thought that infants in institutions suffered from lack of love–that they were missing important parental relationships, which in turn was hurting or even killing them.

To test his theory, he compared a group of infants raised in isolated hospital cribs with those raised in a prison by their own incarcerated mothers. If the germs from being locked up with lots of people were the problem, both groups of infants should have done equally poorly. In fact, the hospitalized kids should have done better, given the attempts made at imposing sterile conditions. If love mattered, however, the prisoners’ kids should prevail.

Love won: 37% of the infants kept in the bleak hospital ward died, but there were no deaths at all amongst the infants raised in the prison. The incarcerated babies grew more quickly, were larger and did better in every way Spitz could measure. The orphans who managed to survive the hospital, in contrast, were more likely to contract all types of illnesses. They were scrawny and showed obvious psychological, cognitive and behavioral problems.
[468 words]

[Time 6]
Now here’s the surprising part. Szalavitz told me that she got tons of comments on that post from people who still believe that institutions are OK for infants. There were so many apologists, in fact, that she wrote a follow-up post a few days later calling them out. In that, she pointed to a story in the New York Times with a dreadful headline: Study Suggests Orphanages Are Not So Bad. The study in question, published in 2009, indeed found no differences in cognitive development or emotional well-being between kids in Africa and Asia who lived in orphanages versus family homes. But the study had one big caveat that was ignored in the Times article: The kids were all between the ages of 6 and 12. For children younger than that, orphanages are so bad.

Why is this idea so difficult to accept? Szalavitz says it’s not about cost, as foster care is far less expensive than keeping an orphanage open. She suspects it does come down to money, though, in that government and non-profit funding is more easily granted to institutions than individuals. That agrees with what I heard in Romania. Elizabeth Furtado, one of the researchers working on the Romanian orphans project, put it like this:

The last two years on the project have been somewhat defeating, Furtado says, because the adolescents’ behaviors are becoming more difficult to manage, and the foster-care parents are getting less and less support — financial, educational, emotional — from the government. ‘On the one hand, I know that we are doing a lot of good for a lot of these kids,’ she says. ‘But it makes me sad that legislation isn’t keeping up with enough of what we’re finding.’
[285 words]
Source: Phenomena
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/31/the-orphanage-problem/

ffffionabear

Part III: Obstacle

The psychological effect of orphanhood: a study of orphans in Rakai district
James Sengendo and Janet Nambi
Faculty of Social Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala

[Paraphrase 7]
This paper examines the psychological effect of orphanhood in a case study of 193 children in Rakai district of Uganda. Studies on orphaned children have not examined the psychological impact. Adopting parents and schools have not provided the emotional support these children often need. Most adopting parents lack information on the problem and are therefore unable to

offer emotional support; and school teachers do not know how to identify psychological and social problems and consequently fail to offer individual and group attention.The concept of the locus of control is used to show the relationship between the environment and individuals’ assessment of their ability to deal with it and to adjust behaviour. Most orphans risk powerful cumulative and often negative effects as a result of parents’ death, thus becoming vulnerable and predisposed to physical and psychological risks.

The children were capable of distinguishing between their quality of life when their parents were alive and well, when they became sick, and when they eventually died. Most children lost hope when it became clear that their parents were sick, they also felt sad and helpless. When they were adopted, many of them felt angry and depressed. Children living with widowed fathers and those living on their own were significantly more depressed. These children were also more externally oriented than those who lived with their widowed mothers.

Teachers need to be retrained in diagnosing psycho-social problems and given skills to deal with them. Short courses should be organized for guardians and community development workers in problem identification and counselling.

Adopted orphans

Adopting families often have problems of their own, such as their own large families to care for, and therefore, severe economic strains. Hunter (1990) observed that sometimes the adopting parents are too young or too old to properly care for additional children. UNICEF(1990) noted pathetic situations, where grandparents who expected to be supported by their children suddenly had to care for their orphaned grandchildren. These grandparents were found to be less able to provide discipline and adequate socialization, and even to address the
basic needs for food, clothing , shelter and health care (Hunter 1990). Bledsoe (1989) also observed that adopted or fostered children often receive worse treatment than the biological children in the same family. Nalwanga-Sebina and Sengendo (1987) found that the education,nutrition and health status of children adopted into impoverished families suffered from lack of resources necessary for their basic needs.

All these studies point out the disadvantages of the orphaned children, disadvantages to which there has been a response by some agencies such as UNICEF, World Vision and Save the Children Fund (UK), which have devised special intervention programs to enable children to cope with orphanhood. Many of the programs have assisted orphans with relief supplies such as food, clothing and bedding. Several agencies have school sponsorship programs through which many children, who otherwise would have been out of school, are receiving
formal education as well as vocational training.

Emotional problems among orphans

However, in spite of these efforts, many of the orphaned children continue to experience emotional problems and little is being done in this area of emotional support. There are several reasons. First, there is a lack of adequate information on the nature and magnitude of the problem; secondly, there is a cultural belief that children do not have emotional problems and therefore there is a lack of attention from adults. Thirdly, since psychological problems are not always obvious, many adults in charge of orphans are not able to identify them.

However, even where the problem may have been identified, there is a lack of knowledge of how to handle it appropriately. In many cases children are punished for showing their negative emotions, thereby adding to their pain. In schools, there is an obvious lack of appropriate training of teachers in identifying psychological and social problems and therefore offering individual or group attention. In recognition of these problems World Vision initiated and sponsored this study to investigate the nature and extent of emotional problems among its school sponsored orphans in Rakai district.

The problem as seen by the child psychologist

Children and bereavement

Like adults, children are grieved by the loss of their parents. However, unlike adults children often do not feel the full impact of the loss simply because they may not immediately understand the finality of death. This prevents them from going through the grieving process which is necessary to recover from the loss (Brodzinsky, Gormly and Ambron 1986). Children therefore are at risk of growing up with unresolved negative emotions which are often expressed with anger and depression. Adults may also experience negative emotions in times of bereavement, but, unlike children, adults have the intellectual ability, life experience and emotional support that enables them to control their anger and depression (Brodzinsky et al.1986).

Unfortunately, adults do not seem to appreciate that children are also adversely affected by bereavement even though they may not have an adult’s understanding of death. Little attention is therefore given to children’s emotions. Children are not given the required support and encouragement to express their emotions nor are they guided to deal with them. For example, children are not always talked to, nor listened to, and therefore their emotions are not understood. When they have no appetite for food or when they have no strength for house
chores, or lack the strength to attend school, or when they become inattentive in class, they
are simply punished.

Children and social change

Death of parents introduces a major change in the life of a vulnerable child. This change may involve moving from a middle or upper-class urban home to a poor rural relative’s home. It may involve separation from siblings, which is often done arbitrarily when orphaned children are divided among relatives without due considerations of their needs. It may mean the end of a child’s opportunity for education because of lack of school fees. Those children who choose not to move or who may not have any other relative to go to, may be forced to live on their
own, constituting child-headed families. All these changes can easily affect not only the physical, but also the psychological well-being of a vulnerable child. They can be very stressful as they pose new demands and constraints to children’s life.

It is feared that many children may find it difficult to adapt to the new changes. Minde(1988) makes it clear that it is not the social change itself that may cause psychological problems, rather it is the failure of the individual to adapt to social change. Like bereavement,social change and the resultant need to adapt to it create stress. According to Minde (1988),this stress may be shown in symptoms of confusion, anxiety, depression, and behavioural disorders such as disobedience. The same symptoms may cause learning problems. Children
who are frustrated, fearful, and depressed may fail to concentrate in class and therefore perform badly. Failure by the school and the home systems to recognize these symptoms and address them will aggravate the child’s psychological problems.

Adverse circumstances and locus of control

The concept of ‘locus of control’ refers to the relationship between the environment and the individual’s assessment of his or her ability to deal with it and to adjust behaviour accordingly. Locus of control has two dimensions: the external and internal. The external locus of control assumes that a person’s life is controlled by external factors, such as luck,fate and nature. Externally oriented individuals (‘externals’) do not see themselves as
responsible for what happens to their lives but merely accept what happens. From this perspective, a person is helpless and is at the mercy of the environment.

The internal locus of control assumes the ability to predict environmental events and be able to respond appropriately. Internally oriented individuals (‘internals’) feel they have the ability to control events and the resultant behaviour. Therefore, they are in control of their own fate. ‘It is this perception of the ability “to do something” that gives rise to the concept of perceived control’ (Lefcourt 1976:5).
[1343 words]
Source: Supplement to Health Transition Review Volume 7, 1997
https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCwQFjAB&url=http%3a%2f%2fhtc%2eanu%2eedu%2eau%2fpdfs%2fSengend1%2epdf&ei=UVQMVPLOMY7U8gXR-oLQBA&usg=AFQjCNF25Mzs9FzJmPv4G_eKNvSVmsUTEA

psychoarya

time2+time3 4:29

A research conducted by scientists found that girls reacted more positively than boys to foster care. The contend of the research.

The results of the research: girls in foster care have higher levels than those in institutions. However, it is not same as boys. There is no difference among boys neither in orphanage nor in foster homes.The reason why abandoned children rate low in IQ.

The possible reasons why foster care has almost no influence on boys. First is that foster families are more talkative to girls than to boys. The second is that boys are easily affected by behavioral disorders, whereas girls were more likely to suffer from emotional disorders. And girls who are taken care of by foster homes are more likely to get rid of emotional disorders.

A final study showed that the development  of abandoned children both was delayed.

ameliorate: ameliorate living conditions

time4+time5+time6 7:54

The author shadowed a neuroscientist who has studied orphanages for many years.

The Romanian government thought that children with deficiencies can be taken care better by institution care than by foster families. Then scientists conducted researches to find out for sure. However, what they found was quitter the opposite as the government believed.

A famous theory that the children died in orphanages is due to lack of love. Then the author introduces the experiment.

The reason why it is hard to accept that orphanages are bad. As adolescents are becoming more and more difficult to manage and foster parents are getting less and less support, it is becoming harder for the foster families to adopt abandoned children.

obstacle 9:55

The research examined the psychological effect of orphanhood in a case study of 193 children in Uganda.

The foster families and schools do not provide emotional support to orphans.

The problems of foster families.

The emotional problems among orphans.

Children with bereavement.

Children cannot adapt social change

the internal and external locus of control

yyc8587

2'19"02

orphanage children have a lot of problems and there is a big difference between boys and girls

1'49"16

the reason why foster girls behave better the foster boys

0'54"43

a origin of a study of ophane

2'09"07

love plays an important role in ophanes' development

1'10"32

wrong opinions upon ophanesphanes behave bad in very young

越障明天看

cyndichiang

Time2 1'18''
Time3 1'54''
There are significant diffferences between girls and boys who are adopted in orphanage
Possible reson: Girls are more likely suffer from psyshological disorder

Time4 1'28''
Time5 2'48''
Time6 1'20''
Researches about whether orphanage is bad for children or not:
Decades ago, orphanage was considered awful:
Research: comparison between children who were adopted in orphanage and who were rasied by their mother in prison:  equally poor
Although funding from government  easily goes to institution than individuals,but the financial support cannot cover the orphane project recently

Obstacle: 3'52''
Many problems and effect of orphanhood: physical and psychological

cherry6891

41-09
Time2
a study conducted on abandoned children Shows that orphanage inhabit the development of congnation and physical ability
Time3
why the boys are more affected by the orphanage than the girls ?
Boys are more likely to have  behavioral problem and girls are more affected by emotional problem. Orphanage tended to help emotion problem
--the slower growth - less growth hormone
Time4
Author shadow a neuroscientist and exposed a part of his study result:
The institutionalized children are more likely to have behavior problem which the working staff are attribute to innate defect
Time5
Which factor result in the problem of abandoned children ? Institutionalized environment or the defect of love
Time6
Refute the conclusion of no difference of kids from orphanage and normal family cuz the targeted kids is older
Then author think funds should give part to foster family
Legislation is hard to keep up with what they are finding

Obstacle
The reason of phycological problem of orphanage children: not enough emotion support or not enough necessary need

古月小破烂

Time2: 2’25   
    Research about different Children grow in different environment.
Time3: 2’32
    The result of IQ test are different in boys and girls, and researchers try to find the reason.
Time4: 1’35
    Some search about social orphans.
Time5:  3’24
     Give a question-are orphanages bad for kids?-and look for the answer.
Time6: 1’53
     Extra research about orphans kids, and get some different answer.
Obstacle:9’37
    Research of 193 Children, and find the problem of orphans . Look for the reason in different situation

NativeStudy菌

psychoarya 发表于 2014-9-7 23:02
多占了一层，求删。。。

no problem~ haha~

ghj699

Time2 1'52'' Foster care has a great influence on girls IQ
Time3 2'14''
Time4 1'26''
Time5 2'50''
Time6 2'30
Obstacle The research examined the psychological effect of orphanhood in a case study of 193 children in Uganda.