【Native Speaker每日综合训练—36系列】【36-16】文史哲

枣糕兔

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今天的 Speaker 比较独特。希望无论是听 audio 还是看视频，都能让你在周日愉快地进入阅读。

Part I: Speaker

How sampling transformed music

[Rephrase 1, 16’54]

Source：TED talk
http://www.ted.com/talks/mark_ronson_how_sampling_transformed_music

枣糕兔

Part II: Speed

Linda Brown, 9, walks past Sumner Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas, in 1953. Her enrollment in the all-white school was blocked, leading her family to bring a lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education. Four similar cases were combined with the Brown complaint and presented to the U.S. Supreme Court as Brown v. Board of Education. The court's landmark ruling on the case on May 17, 1954, led to the desegregation of the U.S. education system.

60 years after Brown, integration is falling apart

Donna Brazile  |  May 17, 2014

[Time 2]
(CNN) -- On Saturday, we will commemorate the 60th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court decision that outlawed school segregation. Across the country, people are reflecting on the current state of educational opportunities for children of color.

In Milwaukee, parents, educators, students and community members are coming together to support educational opportunities for young people, and to challenge the increasing segregation and lack of resources facing young people of color today. I will join them in that celebration.

But Milwaukee is among the most racially and economically segregated major metropolitan regions in the country. It registers the largest discrepancy in employment rates between African-Americans and whites. Wisconsin has the widest gap in test scores between black and white students.

The problems in Milwaukee and Wisconsin are not unique. In cities across the country, students of color increasingly attend schools that do not reflect the diversity of our national community. The biggest metro areas in the Northeast and Midwest have been epicenters of re-segregation. In the 1990s and 2000s, school districts across the South, after being released from Brown-era, court-enforced integration, began gerrymandering school attendance zones, effectively separating black and white students.

Today, black students in the South attend majority-black schools at levels not observed for 40 years. In Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for example, nearly one in three black students attends a school that looks like Brown never even happened.

The result is that the achievement gap, which steadily decreased during integration, is widening as re-segregation occurs.
[250 words]

[Time 3]
Integrated schools help students achieve academic success in the present and personal success in the future. Students of color who attended integrated schools in the decades immediately following Brown were more likely to graduate high school, go to college, earn higher wages, live healthier lifestyles and not have a criminal record than their peers in segregated schools. (Diverse schools can also decrease prejudice and teach all students how to navigate an increasingly diverse nation.)

Unfortunately, many localities are embracing vouchers and charter schools as silver bullets for addressing persistent achievement gaps. Milwaukee has the largest and oldest voucher school program in the country, which funnels public dollars to private, often sectarian, schools. In 2011, Indiana created the nation's first statewide voucher program, and Louisiana followed suit in 2012. Charter schools have increased dramatically in the past decade; from the 1999-2000 school year to the 2010-2011 one, public charter school enrollment increased from 300,000 to 1.8 million.

Vouchers and charter schools just don't live up to the hype. In New Orleans, students using vouchers to attend private schools have not advanced to grade-level work any faster during the first two years of the program than public school students. A recent study found students in voucher schools are performing worse on academic benchmarks than students in Milwaukee Public Schools. And a national study comparing charter and normal public schools of similar demographics found that 29% of charter schools reported academic improvements significantly higher than public schools. Forty percent of charter schools reported no difference in academic performance, and 31% reported a performance worse than their public school counterparts.

Sixty years later, "separate and unequal" is still alive.
[275 words]

[Time 4]
To fix the problem, we must recognize the problem. First, privatizing our school systems results in increased segregation, not improved opportunities. Whether in New Orleans or Philadelphia or Detroit or New York, legislative schemes perpetuate separate and unequal by privatizing large swaths of public school districts -- and in some cases, entire districts.

Second, education doesn't take place in a vacuum. Students and their families need access to health care, decent wages and affordable housing in integrated neighborhoods. Thus, Brown's legacy includes economic improvements for children and families.

Third, neither high-quality public schools nor economic improvements can occur when voters are disenfranchised. Only the right to vote protects access to education and movement toward economic improvement. Yet 34 states -- most under Republican control -- have passed laws to make it harder for minorities, the elderly, and young people to vote, including so-called voter ID laws and regulations that limit early voting.

The economic and racial inequities that existed 60 years ago persist in our communities today. They must be addressed. In the spirit of Brown, students, parents and educators are demanding solutions that go beyond the dysfunctional "education reforms" and address a wide range of community concerns, from stopping school privatization to providing universal early childhood education to raising the minimum wage.

School integration did not come to be the day after the Brown ruling was issued. Progress took years, and it took passion, strength and courage from a large group of committed individuals.

Sixty years after Brown v. Board of Education, it's time for us to take a hard look at the separate and unequal conditions that still exist in our schools and our communities, and rededicate ourselves to fulfilling the promise of equal opportunity for all.
[289 words]

Source: CNN Opinion
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/16/opinion/brazile-brown-60/index.html?hpt=op_t1

People from Appalachia wrote of being asked at colleges and universities such things as when they started to wear shoes.

Photo by Closeupimages/Shutterstock

The Last Acceptable Prejudice?

——Academics reveal that they look down on white, rural students.

Scott Jaschik

This article originally appeared in Inside Higher Ed.

[Time 5]
A quick exchange on a university's faculty discussion board has led experts in Appalachian studies to consider again whether bias in academe (and society) is too accepted when it is about the people of the region they study.

On the faculty discussion board, a staff member posted a complaint about a student walking around barefoot in a building. A response is what set off the larger discussion.

One professor wrote:

My approach would be to assure this student that going barefoot is not against the rules because the assumption is that by the time they reach college, students are expected to understand why wearing shoes is expected on campus. If s/he disrespects his or her peers and the college community enough to (un)dress like a hillbilly here, I would say, then s/he should be prepared to be dismissed as one, in whatever pursuits s/he favors, in the preference of someone more attuned to proper decorum and respectful behavior.

A professor who was troubled by that response forwarded the comment to the Appalachian studies email list with the question: “Colleagues, if you read the following on your institutional discussion board in reference to a complaint about a barefoot student, how would you respond to the professor?” The responses came quickly. Many were furious that a faculty member would feel free to talk about “hillbilly” behavior in this way.

One suggested response was: “Spit on their car.”
[241 words]

[Time 6]
But many other responses noted that such comments are common at various campuses, and that faculty members who would carefully consider whether their comments might offend members of many groups do not feel the same need to be sensitive to those from poor, largely white, rural communities in Appalachia. People from Appalachia wrote of being asked at colleges and universities such things as when they started to wear shoes.

The exchange reached a larger audience when it was reprinted on Academe, the blog of the American Association of University Professors.

The Academe post did not identify the institution where the “hillbilly” comment was posted, but Rosann Kent, director of Appalachian studies at the University of North Georgia, confirmed that she posted the query about her colleague’s remark. North Georgia is in Appalachia, and attracts plenty of students from the region, but Kent noted that it has far more students from elsewhere in the state, and that the student who was not wearing shoes was as likely as not from suburban Atlanta.

Kent said what bothered her about the colleague’s comment was the quick assumption that this student must be from Appalachia, and not just any student who was celebrating the end of the year and the arrival of warm weather by being slightly less dressed than normal. “Most of our professors are not from the area, so it was an opportunity to educate and bring this issue forward,” she said. “My larger concern is: Why is it still OK to paint mountain whites in a different way?”

Terms like hillbilly or redneck demean, she said, yet they are used all the time in most parts of society, including academe. Kent places much of the blame on Hollywood, which makes films and television shows that play off the stereotypes.

But she asks why professors—who know to question some Hollywood stereotypes—don't do so here. “Why are we the last acceptable stereotype?” she asked.

Kent said she wasn't particularly surprised to find hillbilly turn up in a faculty discussion board, or discouraged. “This is an opportunity to talk about these issues,” she said. “It’s all in a day’s work.”
[380 words]

Source: Slate
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2014/05/academe_an_academic_blog_reveals_common_prejudice_among_professors_against.1.html

枣糕兔

Part III: Obstacle

The Stunning Result in India’s Elections

Samanth Subramanian

[Paraphrase 7]
No country is more besotted with politics than India, and for good reason: the architecture of a system designed to give three-quarters of a billion people a free and fair vote can’t help but be fascinating. Each Indian general election is the “world’s biggest,” and each one feels primal and vital, as if the electioneering itself were the stuff of nationhood. But, even allowing for this obsession, the election campaign that ended on Friday, which has held the country in thrall for nearly a year, has been unusually absorbing. I’ve been at dinner parties where hours were spent in state-by-state analysis of the prospects of candidates, and I’ve watched friends take out pen and paper to break down the electorate with charts. India’s television news channels, whose ruminations on politics are never placid, worked themselves into a lather of speculation, night after night. The election consumed the country in a way that managed to be suffocating and exhilarating at the same time.

On Friday, as the results were announced, it became clear that almost all of the prognosticators, amateur and professional, had got it wrong. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (B.J.P.) had assessed its chances confidently, and it was commonly expected to amass enough seats to lead a coalition of allies into government. But few expected Narendra Modi, its candidate for Prime Minister, to romp home in such a blistering manner. No single party had won an outright majority in the Lok Sabha, Parliament’s lower house, since 1984. Of the five hundred and forty-three seats, the B.J.P. won a stunning two hundred and eighty-two; with its coalition allies, it controls a dominating three hundred and thirty-four seats. The Congress, India’s oldest party, has led the governing coalition for the past decade. Although its members acknowledged in private that they were likely to be voted out, they suspected that they would secure roughly ninety seats—which would have been a record low. Instead, they took a miserable forty-four seats. What looked a few weeks ago like a mere dramatic change of government now appears to be a seismic shift, arguably the most significant in India since 1977, when the Congress was voted out after three decades in power. Even in that election, held after the Congress government, under Indira Gandhi, declared an emergency and suspended constitutional rights for two full years, the party managed to win a hundred and fifty-three seats.

Any election can be spun as a tussle to define the very soul of a country, but that has truly felt like the case for the past year in India. Both the Congress and the B.J.P. framed their campaigns as plebiscites on the fate of the country. The Congress asked voters to examine whether they wanted to elect Modi, a man who had ruled the state of Gujarat when more than a thousand people—mostly Muslims—were killed in religious riots, in 2002, who was known for his autocratic temperament, and whose political education was shaped by Hindu nationalists. In one campaign speech, the heir to the Congress dynasty, Rahul Gandhi, explicitly compared Modi to Hitler, warning that he would discard democracy altogether. “Hitler thought there was no need to go to the people,” Gandhi said. “He believed that the entire knowledge of the world was only in his mind. Similarly, there is a leader today in India who says, ‘I have done this, I have done that,’ and behaves arrogantly.”

Gandhi was referring to Modi’s claims to have delivered unprecedented economic progress in Gujarat—the sort of development that seemed to have seized up elsewhere in India in the past few years, amid the economic downturn, a growing litany of corruption scandals, and the government’s policymaking paralysis. Modi skillfully projected himself as efficient and clean, a friend of free enterprise as well as of the poor, a man who knows the value of a good road and of plentiful electricity. (None of this went uncontested, of course, and there is a bounty of evidence to suggest that Modi and his party have flaws—and flawed records—quite similar to those of the leaders whom they will now replace.) In his campaign, Modi adhered carefully to these issues of development, bypassing almost entirely the pet concerns of the Hindu right, such as the construction of a temple on the site of a mosque that zealots demolished in 1992, a project that nevertheless found its way into the B.J.P. manifesto.

At the crossroads of these narratives lay the dilemma that the parties presented to the voters, the question that, precisely for its essentialist simplicity, invaded conversations for many months: Did India consider itself so starved of decisive leadership, and so exasperated by its faltering progress, that it wished to take a chance on a polarizing leader who has been charged with tacitly encouraging riots against his own citizens, and has been backed by majoritarian organizations with little regard for civil liberties? The answer, as the results have now clearly shown, is an overwhelming yes.

In this big and simple story, there are hundreds of nuances: micro-trends and regional variations, caste and class preferences, the quality of individual parliamentary candidates from each of the five hundred and forty-three constituencies—the sort of complexity that makes Indian politics such a wearying, brain-busting labyrinth. In a Westminster-style parliamentary system, elections rarely feel like a referendum on one person. That Modi managed to transform this one into such a contest is his greatest feat.

Even for Modi’s critics—and these are not necessarily all Congress supporters—there may be some grim solace to be taken from the results. For one, this charged election passed with barely any violence at all. For another, Modi did not win by being the demagogue that, in the past, he often appeared to be. The fundamentals of moderation and accommodation that undergird Indian politics compelled him to reach out to Muslims—at least rhetorically—and to talk about building the economy rather than building a temple. The best outcome for India will come to pass if Modi is now forced—by his party and by his allies—to live up to the image that he has projected for the past year. It would not necessarily exonerate him of past sins, but it would be the reward that India deserves for having poured itself so unreservedly into this election.
[1099 words]

Source: The New Yorker
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/05/the-stunning-result-in-indias-elections.html

house887

1.34.6
1.44.5
1.30.0
1.10.4
2.11.5
6.00.7

醒醒Shine

[Speaker1]
How sampling transformed music.The speaker is so~~~ handsome!
[Time 2]
1-Example: Milwaukee,  the most racially and economically segregated major metropolitan regions.
2-Results: Although the court enforces integration, the gap is widening as re-segregation occurs.
outlaw：取缔
epicenter：震中，集中点
[Time 3]
3-Benefits of integrated schools.
4-Facts: couchers and charter schools are more popular, but they don't have a better performance.
hype：天花乱坠的广告宣传，助长
[Time4]
5-Solution:recognize the problem; education doesn't take place in a vacuum;either high-quality public schools nor economic improvements can occur when voters are disenfranchised.
6-Recall: it's time for us to take a hard look at the separate and unequal conditions
perpetuate：使永存
swath：细长的列
disenfranchise：剥夺——的选举权/公民权
[Time5]
1-Question:Is bias in academe and society too accepted when it is about the people of the region they study?
Example: barefoot in campus
2- Teachers think this is impropriate.
hillbilly:乡巴佬
[Time6]
3-Others opinions: it's common at various campus. Their comments might offend members of many groups do not feel the same need to be sensitive to those from poor, largely white, rural communities in Appalachia.
4-Example: Rosann Kent.
[Obstacle]
1-Fact: Even alloing for India's election obseesion, it has been usually absorbing.
2-Result: Most people are wrong: The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (B.J.P.) had assessed its chances confidently.
3-Explanation about Modi and Gandi. The author seems to support Modi.
rumination 反思
besotted 愚蠢的 糊涂的
placid  温和的
lather 肥皂泡
suffocating 令人窒息的
exhilarating 令人振奋的
blistering 酷热的
tussle 扭打争斗
plebiscite 公民投票
referendum 公民投票权
parliamentary 国会的
grim solace 严酷的安慰
exonerate 免罪

hysteries

来占~~~~~~~~~
---------------------
【Speed】

time 2 00:01:30.54

time 3 00:00:53.13

time 4 00:02:11.02

time 5 00:01:30.32

time 6 00:02:23.12

【Obstacle】
00:07:32.53

wangweiyi5332

首页~~~~~~~~~~~~

Timer2 1:30

It was the date that M sue her rights inthe Surprem Court, resulting an end on segregation of the US education system.

Timer3 2:02

Integrated school help students of color tograduate high school ,go to college, earn higher wages ,live a healthierlifestyles and not have a criminal record than their peers who are insegregated schools.

The research have revealed that students inthe special vouchers and charter school perform worse than students who studyin public schools.

Timer4 2:17

In order to fix the existing problems inthe education system ,we must recognize the problem.

First ,privatizing our school systemsresults in increased segregation ,not improved opportunities.

Second , education should be accompanied bythe access to  health  care ,decent wages and affordable housing inintegrated neighborhoods.

Third , rights of voters should be protectedbecause only the right to vote protects access to education and movement towardeconomic improvement.

Timer5.1:40

Timer6 2:24

hhd0530

首页必占~
time 2 1:57
educational segregation between black and white still exists today

time 3 2:08
segregation between different types of school, leading different achievement of it graduates

time 4 1:57
3 steps to solve the problem of the segregation in education

time 5--6 3:55
according to a discriction that one person walk around bare foot, a professor said he to be unrespective
students have remarked this
one thought is that that perpson is white and rural

Ostacle 8:15
Ind: everyone to elect; it spended one year
result: JPB won and Congress lost
election is the soul of a country
two candidates: G and M
characters of this two guys
questions which citizens met when decised which one to elect

疏离无罪

占~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Speaker: The speaker used several phases of music to show how sampling are used in many music and how sampling changes the development of music.

01:38
60 years after Brown v. Board of Education,the gap between black and white students becomers widder again.The segeration problems becomes heavier in some states.

01:40
Integrated schools are good choice to students.Students of color are more likely to attend these schools after Brown.Some states government try to use vouchers and charter schools to solve the gap.But it seems to be worse.

01:36
To solve the problem,we need to know the base of the problm.1 private school system 2 poor family can not afford education 3 minorities,the elderly and the young are hard to vote for them.

01:18
Give on example of prejudice about a barefood students in the campus.

01:53
Most people think that the barefood guy comes from Appalachia.It's totally a bias.People should give up their acceptable stereotype.

07:40
Main Idea: Sth bebind the election result of India.
The result of the election of India surprise most people around the world.The opposition BJP won most seats in the lower house.And the Congress,India's oldest party,have lost its position.Both the parties framed their as plebiscites on the fate of the country.
The Congress compared the leader o BJP Modi as Hilter and critized him on the death of 1000 Muslims when he in charge of one state,and also blamed that the economy growth and the character of Modi are untrue.
Even with these critics,Modi still attract many voters.The political system makes the election rarely depend on one person,but Modi did.He made this change and succeed.He still need to do many things in the future.

hawk！！！

1'51"

Asa  result of the Brownv. Board of Education, segregation in U.S is officalyended. Nowadays, balck students can get more education resourcres than before.

1'37

Studentsof color who entered an integrated school had better academic performance thanthose who entered segregated school.

There aresome white students entered voucher school and private school instead of publicschool, but only a few of them (29%) achieved better academic performance thanthe average level of public school.

In short,Sixty years after the law, segregation still exists in the U.S educationalsystem.

1'15"

Theauthor mentioned several measures to tackle segregation.

1'22"

文章理解太难了，读第一遍的时候，我既不认识hillbilly，也知道Appalachian是在山区，所以根本想不到教授提hillbilly是在讽刺来自Appalachian的人啊 = =

2'01"

同跪

6'44"

Paragraph1: the basic information about India' election, including how many peopleinvolved, what is people reaction to the election, and how long it lasts.

Paragraph2: the outcome of the election.  Modi wonit, and his party gained an more than half of the seat in the parliament.  other parties seat.

Paragraph3: other parties comment on Modi (a racist and a crazy guy)

Paragraph4: Modi's  promise and former politicalperformance.

Paragraph5-7 : the challenge Modi will face