【Native Speaker每日综合训练—36系列】【36-15】经管 Tourism

TaoRs92

Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471

Hello everyone~Today's topic is Tourism.
以下切换成中文= =

今天选文的主要架构是这样的：
Speed分为4篇文章，阐述旅游业对一国经济的正面影响。
第一篇总体概括旅游业为经济带来的好处。
后面三篇类似举例论证第一篇的说法。
国际游客为美国带来丰厚收益/中国游客为太平洋附近的国家造福/因旅游业的发展，日本萧条的经济有所改善。
Obstacle则从相反的角度，阐述旅游业对一国经济的负面影响。个人觉得这篇文章非常精彩，一般关注旅游业推动经济的角度较多吧~
Speaker呼应选文对旅游业的两种相反看法。一些美国小镇应旅游业受益，却也因此产生某些不良影响。

Enjoy~

Part I: Speaker

In Traverse City, which has hosted the National Cherry Festival since 1926, some residents say festivals occupy the public park too much, while others say it's a reasonable price to pay for the money it brings to businesses.

In A Small Town With Big Events, Some Are Tiring Of Tourism

by PETER PAYETTE

November 29, 2013 2:23 PM ET

Source：npr

http://www.npr.org/2013/11/29/247505948/in-a-small-town-with-big-events-some-are-tiring-of-tourism


[Dialog, 3min 36sec]

TaoRs92

Part III: Obstacle

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism

[Paraphrase 7]

      There are many hidden costs to tourism, which can have unfavorable economic effects on the host community. Often rich countries are better able to profit from tourism than poor ones. Whereas the least developed countries have the most urgent need for income, employment and general rise of the standard of living by means of tourism, they are least able to realize these benefits. Among the reasons for this are large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host country and exclusion of local businesses and products.

Leakage

      The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers' expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies (who often have their headquarters in the travelers' home countries), and not to local businesses or workers. In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage.

      A study of tourism 'leakage' in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc.). Estimates for other Third World countries range from 80% in the Caribbean to 40% in India.
(Source: Sustainable Living)

      Of each US$ 100 spent on a vacation tour by a tourist from a developed country, only around US$ 5 actually stays in a developing-country destination's economy. The figure below shows how the leakage happens.

      There are two main ways that leakage occurs:

Import leakage

      This commonly occurs when tourists demand standards of equipment, food, and other products that the host country cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and drinks must often be imported, since local products are not up to the hotel's (i.e. tourist's) standards or the country simply doesn't have a supplying industry. Much of the income from tourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these imports.

      The average import-related leakage for most developing countries today is between 40% and 50% of gross tourism earnings for small economies and between 10% and 20% for most advanced and diversified economies, according to UNCTAD.

      Even in developed regions, local producers are often unable to supply the tourism industry appropriately even if good will is present: the 64-room hotel "Kaiser im Tirol" in Austria, an award-winning leader in sustainable practices, cannot find organic food suppliers in the local farming networks in the appropriate quantity, quality and reliability, as production cycles and processes are not compatible with its needs.
(Source: Austrian Preparatory Conference for the International Year of Ecotourism, September 2001)

Export leakage

      Multinational corporations and large foreign businesses have a substantial share in the import leakage. Often, especially in poor developing destinations, they are the only ones that possess the necessary capital to invest in the construction of tourism infrastructure and facilities. As a consequence of this, an export leakage arises when overseas investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of origin.

      A 1996 UN report evaluating the contribution of tourism to national income, gross levels of incomes or gross foreign exchange, found that net earnings of tourism, after deductions were made for all necessary foreign exchange expenditures, were much more significant for the industry. This report found significant leakage associated with: (a) imports of materials and equipment for construction; (b) imports of consumer goods, particularly food and drinks; (c) repatriation of profits earned by foreign investors; (d) overseas promotional expenditures and (e) amortization of external debt incurred in the development of hotels and resorts. The impact of the leakage varied greatly across countries, depending on the structure of the economy and the tourism industry. From the data presented in this study on the Caribbean, St. Lucia had a foreign exchange leakage rate of 56% from its gross tourism receipts, Aruba had 41%, Antigua and Barbuda 25% and Jamaica 40%.
(Source: Caribbean Voice)

Enclave tourism

      Local businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of "all-inclusive" vacation packages. When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local people to profit from tourism.

      The Organization of American States (OAS) carried out a survey of Jamaica's tourist industry that looked at the role of the all-inclusives compared to other types of accommodation. It found that 'All-inclusive hotels generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors.'

      It also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. This information confirms the concern of those who have argued that all-inclusives have a smaller trickle-down effect on local economies.
(Source: Tourism Concern)

      The cruise ship industry provides another example of economic enclave tourism. Non-river cruises carried some 8.7 million international passengers in 1999. On many ships, especially in the Caribbean (the world's most popular cruise destination with 44.5% of cruise passengers), guests are encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board, and opportunities to spend in some ports are closely managed and restricted.

Other negative impacts

Infrastructure cost

      Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers may want the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health.

Increase in prices

      Increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. A San Francisco State University study of Belize found that, as a consequence of tourism development, the prices for locals increased by 8%.

      Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values. Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents. In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners. Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants (wealthy or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life) cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass.

Economic dependence of the local community on tourism

      Diversification in an economy is a sign of health, however if a country or region becomes dependent for its economic survival upon one industry, it can put major stress upon this industry as well as the people involved to perform well. Many countries, especially developing countries with little ability to explore other resources, have embraced tourism as a way to boost the economy.

      In The Gambia, for instance, 30% of the workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism. In small island developing states, percentages can range from 83% in the Maldives to 21% in the Seychelles and 34% in Jamaica, according to the WTO. Over-reliance on tourism, especially mass tourism, carries significant risks to tourism-dependent economies. Economic recession and the impacts of natural disasters such as tropical storms and cyclones as well as changing tourism patterns can have a devastating effect on the local tourism sector.

      Malta has only 380,000 residents, but received 1.2 million tourists in 1999. As 25% of GDP (and indirectly 40% ), tourism generated more than $650 million in foreign exchange earnings. Malta's high dependence on tourism and a limited number of export products makes its trade performance vulnerable to shifts in international demand.
(Source: Washington Times)

Seasonal character of jobs

      The seasonal character of the tourism industry creates economic problems for destinations that are heavily dependent on it. Problems that seasonal workers face include job (and therefore income) insecurity, usually with no guarantee of employment from one season to the next, difficulties in getting training, employment-related medical benefits, and recognition of their experience, and unsatisfactory housing and working conditions.

Other industry impacts affecting tourism

      Economic crises, like the Asian crisis that hit Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia a few years ago, can be devastating to inbound tourism flows. The financial turmoil triggered a sharp fall in tourism flows to affected countries during 1997 and 1998. In the Philippines, the crisis and the temporary closure of Philippine Airlines affected inbound arrivals significantly as there was a decline of almost 3.3% in 1998.
(Source: Hotel-online)

[1480 words]

Source：United Nations Environmental Programme
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/EconomicImpactsofTourism/NegativeEconomicImpactsofTourism/tabid/78784/Default.aspx

TaoRs92

Part II: Speed

What Is the Relationship Between Tourism and Economic Development?

[Time 2]

      Tourism and economic development are linked by the various ways in which tourism can contribute to the economic development of a tourist destination. This relationship between tourism and economic development is the basis for the dependence of some tourist-based economies on the effects of tourism for their economic development. For instance, tourism provides more jobs for local citizens, helps local citizens start businesses that cater to tourists, leads to the generation of revenue from tourist spending and fiscal policies, and aids in the development of infrastructure.

      One of the benefits or links between tourism and economic development is the fact that a vibrant tourist region provides employment for the citizens of that area. Tourism needs a lot of services in order to sustain the industry. For example, the hospitality industry creates jobs for people in businesses like hotels and restaurants. Employment is a macroeconomic factor that contributes to the growth of an economy by providing workers with disposable income and consequently leading to an increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the region.

      Another way in which tourism and economic development are linked is through the provision of small or micro enterprises for certain citizens. The citizens that might benefit from small businesses linked to tourist include individual or sole entrepreneurs with limited funds and other types of collaborations that do not require a lot of finance. For instance, some people might open a store that mainly caters to the needs of tourists. They could collaborate with local artisans and craftsmen to supply them with handcrafted objects, which they would sell to the tourists as souvenirs.

      The store owners will share the profits with the local artisans, or they may buy the objects from them outright. This helps the economy by providing the poorer members of the community with disposable income. Tourists also like to visit places with a rich cultural heritage. Most times, these places are located in villages that would otherwise not receive much government attention. Due to the significance of the villages, they will receive more attention and more development as a result.

      Infrastructure to support the tourist market or trade includes factors like good airports, security, hotels and roads. Such factors help facilitate economic development and might not be as developed if not for their importance to the economy. For instance, a tourist destination that is located in a remote village will need good access roads, which might not be built if not for the tourist interest in the area.

[415 words]

Source：WiseGEEK
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-tourism-and-economic-development.htm

International Tourism Brought $181 Billion to U.S. Economy in 2013

Samantha Shankman, Skift

Mar 04, 2014 2:30 pm

[Time 3]

      International visitors to the United States spent a record-breaking $180.7 billion on travel-related goods, services, and airfares in 2013, according to data released today by the National Travel & Tourism Office.

      Tourism receipts increased 9 percent since 2012 and average monthly spend rose by $1.3 billion.

      Money spent on food, lodging, recreation, entertainment, and local transportation accounts for the majority, or $139.6 billion, of the record-breaking receipts. This is an 11-percent increase over 2012.

      The other $41.2 billion represents fares received by U.S. carriers, a 5 percent increase over last year’s record $39.4 billion in receipts.

      U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker takes the spending hike as a sign that President Obama’s national strategy for increasing tourism, outlined in 2012, is working. And that the U.S. is on its way to reaching its goal of 100 million international visitors by 2021.

      But it’s largely factors outside of U.S. control that are attracting new travelers.

      It is growing middle class economies in countries like Brazil and China that are allowing more people to travel the world. And the United States’ position as global leader and its prevalence in pop culture has more do with these visitors’ interest than Rosanne Cash singing for BrandUSA.

      Real U.S. government initiatives that have helped the U.S. attract more visitors are shortening visa wait times and speeding up airport customs.

      The U.S. government will have to continue making it easier for travelers from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East to visit if it wishes to reach its 100-million visitor goal.

[260 words]

Source：SKIFT
http://skift.com/2014/03/04/international-tourism-brought-181-billion-to-u-s-economy-in-2013/

New wave of Chinese tourists is helping to boost growth in the Pacific tourism industry, new report says

Jemima Garrett for Pacific Beat

Posted Tue 25 Feb 2014, 9:42pm AEDT

A new wave of Chinese tourists is helping to boost growth in the Pacific tourism industry, a new report from the ANZ Bank says.

[Time 4]

      The bank's latest Pacific Economic Quarterly says a rise in tourist arrivals over the last 10 years has created new jobs and boosted government revenue, outpacing economic growth in the region.

      Australians make up the majority of visitors to the region, however, a sharp increase of tourists from China is helping the sector expand.

      Report author, ANZ Bank Asia Pacific economist Dan Wilson, said although China's overall economic growth is slowing down, a shift towards higher private consumption and income growth is providing new opportunities for the Pacific tourism sector.

      "When we think about tourism from China we think about a massive market," Mr Wilson told Pacific Beat.

      "To give you some numbers behind the figures, from 2009 to 2012 the percent of outbound tourists from China increased only from about 3.6 per cent of the population to about 6.1 per cent of the population.

      "But in terms of absolute numbers this increased from about 50 million people to about 90 million people.

      "So a small percentage change in the amount of people that are leaving the country are leading to big absolute effects." he said.

Tourism investment needed: report

      Mr Wilson said the sector now needs to turn its attention to investment to ensure the region's tourism industry grows.

      "When we look at the tourism industry we think Fiji is a fairly good model where we have seen very high levels of investment for a number of years and they have started to yield dividends," he said.

      "So the tourism industry, both direct and indirect effects in Fiji, account for about 40 per cent of the economy and this has grown considerably over the past few decades.

      "To really take advantage of the upcoming tourism boost coming from Chinese departures into the Pacific and more broadly globally, it is just going to take investment in tourism infrastructure and this is everything from hotels, to roads, airplanes, airports."

      However, he cautioned that Pacific countries must not become too dependent on tourism and need to diversify.

      With Australia and New Zealand still providing the vast bulk of tourists, Mr Wilson said the possibility of a weaker Australian dollar might see some tourists decide to holiday closer to home.

      New Zealand dollar growth into Pacific tourism has increased by four to five per cent a year over the last few decades.

[389 words]

Source：Australia Network News
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-25/pacific-tourism-growth-report/5283842

Tourists from Thailand have their photos taken in Owakudani, a volcanic valley with sulfurous fumes and hot springs in Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, last August. (Asahi Shimbun file photo)

EDITORIAL:

Foreign tourists vital for Japan's economy, relations

January 18, 2014

[Time 5]

      The number of foreigners who visited Japan for sightseeing or business surpassed 10 million last year for the first time.

      During the first 11 months of the year (detailed data for December is not available yet), the number grew by more than 20 percent from the same period the previous year. A confluence of factors contributed to the strong visitor numbers to Japan. These included spirited tourism campaigns promoted by both government and industry, a weakening yen, which increased the purchasing power of foreign travelers, and an expansion of international services by low-cost carriers operating in Japan.

      But Japan is not yet high in the world tourism rankings. In terms of international tourist arrivals in 2012, Japan was ranked 33rd among all countries and eighth among only Asian countries.

      Japan can learn a lot from South Korea’s successful strategy for attracting foreign tourists, which has been integrated with the “Hanliu (Korean Wave)” campaign to promote its cultural exports. There is a growing trend in Japan toward integrating its “Cool Japan” cultural promotion campaign with the national strategy for becoming a tourism powerhouse. But local governments are making efforts to lure foreign visitors on their own without any policy or strategy coordination among them. A number of problems need to be addressed to ensure effective efforts to strike the ambitious government-set target of 30 million foreign visitors per year.

      An increase in the number of foreign visitors brings economic and various other benefits to Japan.

      Spending by foreign tourists on hotels, restaurants, leisure activities and shopping contributes a great deal to revitalizing the local economies. Main tourist resources are basically existing facilities, social and cultural assets, and natural scenery. In other words, there can be effective ideas to increase tourism that don’t involve any massive investment. That’s why tourism is an important element in the government’s strategy for stoking economic growth.

      It should also be pointed out that an increase in the number of foreigners who have had first-hand experiences in Japan also expands the depth and breadth of Japan’s ties with other countries and thereby contributes to stability in Japan’s diplomatic relationships. This is all the more important because of Japan’s strained ties with South Korea and China, which are among the countries that are the largest sources of foreign visitors to Japan.

[401 words]


[Time 6]

      One notable factor behind the growth of international tourist traffic into Japan is a series of moves made by the government last year to ease its visa regulations.

      The government, for instance, exempted short-stay Thai and Malaysian tourists from the visa requirement. It also started issuing multiple entry visas to tourists from Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia and Laos, which allow them to enter Japan any number of times during a certain period. These steps were taken mainly to commemorate the 40th anniversary of friendship between Japan and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. But these measures have done a lot to increase the number of foreign visitors to Japan.

      The government should consider easing the visa regulations for Chinese tourists as well.

      Currently, the government issues basically single entry visas to Chinese tourists. They are entitled to multiple entry visas if they stay in Okinawa Prefecture or in any of the three Tohoku prefectures of Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima, which were hit hardest by the 2011 disasters. The number of visitors from China began to recover sharply in autumn last year after months of running below levels of a year earlier. It is important to give an additional impetus to the recovery.

      Standing in sharp contrast with the upturn in the number of Chinese visitors is the trend among South Korean tourists visiting Japan. South Koreans were the largest group of foreign visitors to Japan last year. But the growth in the number of South Korean visitors quickly lost steam starting last summer, when the problem of accumulating radioactive water at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant was reported in the media. Around the same time, South Koreans also began to avoid seafood caught in waters around Japan.

      The issue of safety and security is crucial not just for promoting Japan’s relations with other countries. Creating a safe and convenient living environment for Japanese will also help increase the number of foreign visitors to Japan.

[328 words]

Source：The Asian Shimbun
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/views/editorial/AJ201401180023

xiaofan0205

哇，今天好早~~~

Speaker:
Many small towns across the country are using special events to attract visitors and commerce. But some residents complain that they're suffering from festival fatigue and would like a little less excitement.
Festivals like this fit with the way Americans are vacationing now: shorter trips with less advance planning.

Time2: 2'35"
Tourism and economic development are linked by the various ways in which tourism can contribute to the economic development of a tourist destination.
One is the fact that a vibrant tourist region provides employment for the citizens of that area. Another is through the provision of small or micro enterprises for certain citizens. The citizens that might benefit from small businesses linked to tourist.

Time3: 1'48"
International visitors to the United States spent a record-breaking $180.7 billion on travel-related goods, services, and airfares in 2013. President Obama’s national strategy for increasing tourism, outlined in 2012, is working. Real U.S. government initiatives that have helped the U.S. attract more visitors are shortening visa wait times and speeding up airport customs.

Time4: 2'19"
The bank's latest Pacific Economic Quarterly says a rise in tourist arrivals over the last 10 years has created new jobs and boosted government revenue, outpacing economic growth in the region.
Australians make up the majority of visitors to the region, however, a sharp increase of tourists from China is helping the sector expand. The sector now needs to turn its attention to investment to ensure the region's tourism industry grows.

Time5: 2'35"
Time6: 1'50"
The number of foreigners who visited Japan for sightseeing or business surpassed 10 million last year for the first time. But Japan is not yet high in the world tourism rankings.
An increase in the number of foreign visitors brings economic and various other benefits to Japan. One notable factor behind the growth of international tourist traffic into Japan is a series of moves made by the government last year to ease its visa regulations. But the issue of safety and security is crucial not just for promoting Japan’s relations with other countries. Creating a safe and convenient living environment for Japanese will also help increase the number of foreign visitors to Japan.

疏离无罪

占~~~~~~~~~~~·

Speaker: Small towns in the USA attract thousand of tourists every year by several special festivals..Many residents complained about the crowd.Although tourism cost the towns lots money in infrastructure and trash.,they bring more money to these towns.These festivals are all near big cities and short,just fit the vacation sytle of americans:shorter trips with less advance planning.

01:36
Tourism can benefit the local economy a lot.Employment,small business,small villages with rich culture and infrastructure all can benefit from tourism.

00:55
International tourism brought 181 billion dollars to US economy in 2012.The government policy to improve tourism and shortened vist waiting time are applied by the government.Another factor is the growing middle-class economies in emerging market.

01:39
Growing visitors from China lead to the boom of tourism in Pacific area,especially in Austrila.In this condition, more investment on tourism should be considered.

01:32
An increase in the number of foreign visitors brings various of economic and other benefits to Japan.However,the tourism in Japan is not as strong as other countries in Asia as South Korea.Governemnt should learn sth from South Korea in culture export to attract more tourism.

01:26
Japan has already eased the visa regulations on many  south-east asia countries,which lead to the growth in tourism.The ease also should be applied to China visitors.The safety and security is critical to visitors,too,after the 2011 disaster.

07:43
Main Idea:negative impacts of tourism on economy
1 leakage 80% of expandature in tourism is earned by international companies.Less money was left in the local economy.There are two kinds of leakage: import lekage and export lekage.In the less-developed countires, the demand of standard food and service can not be supplied by the local economy.They are only available through import.And in most poor countries,only foreign companies have engough capital to invest in tourism.
2 ebclave tourism The all-inclusive vacation package leaves few opportunities to local resident to make money.The package can earn lots of revenue,but only little benefits are left to the local economy.
3 Infrastructure cost 4 increase in price caused by tourism affect the local resident living expense
5 over-reliance on tourism will be a big risk to the economy
6 seasonal characters of jobs.

TaoRs92

time:
Tourism is good for the development of economy of the tourists destination.
1 more jobs,employment chances--macroeconomic part
2 small or micro enterprises--businesses particular for tourism/store owners share profits with local citizens,or buy products outright from them.
3 infrastructure improvment.
________________
time:
Tourism brought a lot to U.S. economy.Data.
Reason:
Obama's national strategy(not essential)
Some countries' growing middle class--more and more people travel abroad.Brazil and China.
U.S.should still improve many parts in order to attract more travelers to come.
_________________
time:
Chinese become an important part in pacific tourism sector.
Data.The percentage of population increases,and means 40 million people more.
Countries in the Pacific Sector should improve their infrastructure to support tourism industry.
The case of Fiji.
But countries there should not rely on trousim completly.
Trends for Australia and New Zealand.
_______________
time:
Japan welcomed 10 million visitors in 2013 (11 months),this number broke the record.
But Japan is not at the top of visited country.Japan can learn from Korea.
The benifits of tourism for Japan:
1 good for local economy.
2 good for diplomatic relationships.
__________________
time:
Foreign visitors to Japan.
Important reason to consider--Japan ease the visa for some countries--this contributes a lot to the increasing number of foreign visitors.
Japan should also ease visa for Chinese Tourists.
For Korean tourists,they make up the most important part for foreign visitors to Japan.But the number is decreasing,due to safety and security reasons.
Japan should build up a better environment,both for tourists and Japanese.
_________________
time:
Negtive economic impact of tourism.
Developed country enjoys more benifits from tourism than undeveloped countries.These poor countries may not be able to realize the benifits of tourism.
Leakage:
Most of the expenditure from tourism will leave the country.
Several ways for leakage--
1 import leakage--import products from other countries to satisfy the demand of tourism.(means the decrease of benifits from tourism)
2 emport leakage--foreigners have shares in the import leakage.they will take their profits back to their origin countries.
3 enclave tourism--not have many chances to benifit local people.all-inclusives.
Other negtive impacts:
1 infrastructure costs--occupy sources that should have put into education,health and other parts.
2 price increase--bad for local citizens.
3 economy depend on tourism--economy diversity decrease.not healthy.easily effected by tourism.
4 seasonal character of jobs--job chances largely impacted by tourism.
Other impacts affect tourism:
economic crisis.

橘黄小猪

Time 2
2’10
The link between the economic development and the tourist is obvious. It helps the tourism destinations to develop their infrastructure, create more jobs and even establish small business.

Time 3
1’20
Because the US attempt to attract more tourism and achieve 100-million visit goal, the government implement some strategies which give the tourism better service, such as shorter wait time of Visa.

Time 4
1’52

Time 5
2’06

Time 6
1’39

Obstacle
9’13

hysteries

补作业啦！！
-------------------------------------
【Speed】
Time 2: 00:001:23
Time 3: 00:01:10
Time 4: 00:01:22
Time 5: 00:01:52
Time 6: 00:01:34

【Obstacle】
00:08:54

ZNUFE_2011

速度：
Time 2: 1'48''
Time 3: 1'15''
Time 4: 1'37''
Time 5: 1'48''
Time 6: 1'43''

越障：
9'30''

cherry6891

zhanzuo ~~~~~~~

Obstacle:9’12’’

Negativeof tourism industrial

Developedcountries made more profit in tourism industrial while developing countries aremost need the benefits

Leakage:to meet high standard, developing countries imported food and other stuff fromdeveloped counties which means even that developed countries get the profits

All-inclusivevocation package: tourists remain their entire stay at cruise ship or resort,not much opportunity is left for local people

Infrastructurecost: too much money are spent on update airline or road then less money isleft for education and health care

And thetourism industrial hikes living costs that negative affect local residents’life

Time 22’27’’

Tourismprovides more jobs, disposal incomes for local citizens

Infrustratureto support the tourist market like good hotel and road will be built

Time3 1’15’’

More peopleare attracted to US because of its prevalence in pop culture

Shorteningvisa wait times and speeding up airport customs will attract more visitors