4月3日逻辑答案

韩小宁

1、Whales originated in the freshwater lakes and rivers of ancient Asia about sixty million years ago. Not until about ten million years later did species of whales develop specialized kidneys enabling them to drink salt water. Although fossil evidence shows that some early whale species that lacked such kidneys sometimes swam in the Earth's saltwater oceans, these species must have had to return frequently to freshwater rivers to drink.

Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information given?

A Fossils of whale species dating from between sixty million and fifty million years ago will not be found on continents that were at the time separated from ancient Asia by wide expanses of ocean.  
B Among whale fossils that date from later than about fifty million years ago, none are fossils of whale species that drank only fresh water.  
C Fossils of whale species that drank fresh water will not be found in close proximity to fossils of whale species that drank salt water.  
D The earliest whales that drank salt water differed from fresh-water-drinking whales only in their possession of specialized kidneys.  
E Between sixty million and fifty million years ago, the freshwater lakes and rivers in which whales originated were gradually invaded by salt water.  

1、正确答案：A
2、原文逻辑：前提：六千万年前鲸鱼起源于淡水湖河，一亿年后他们才进化出可以喝盐水的肾。事实：化石证明即使早期没有这种肾的鲸鱼游到了海中，也会很快回来淡水河喝水。
     问题：归纳题。
3、解题思路：早期鲸鱼只能喝淡水，不能喝盐水。
4、选项分析：A选项说鲸鱼化石不会在一个与古亚洲相隔广阔大海的陆地上被发现。也就是说鲸鱼不能在海中长时间生存，它们需要回到淡水区域喝水，因此不可能游到隔海的陆地上。
B选项说在五千万年前的鲸鱼化石中没有发现只喝淡水的鲸鱼化石，说明鲸鱼可以喝盐水，与原文相反。
C选项：喝淡水的鲸鱼化石和喝盐水的鲸鱼化石的年代应该不会很接近。这个结论原文没有提及，不能支持。
D选项说早期的鲸鱼化石中可以发现喝淡水的鲸鱼与喝盐水的鲸鱼不同之处只在于肾的不同。有可能有其他的不同，原文不能推出这个结论
E选项鲸鱼的起源之地的淡水湖被盐水浸染了。这说明鲸鱼有可能可以喝盐水，因为原本的淡水湖就含盐，与原文相反。

2、Following several years of declining advertising sales, the Greenville Times reorganized its advertising sales force two years ago. Before the reorganization, the sales force was organized geographically, with some sales representatives concentrating on city-center businesses and others concentrating on different outlying regions. The reorganization attempted to increase the sales representatives' knowledge of clients' businesses by having each sales representative deal with only one type of industry or of retailing. After the reorganization, advertising sales increased.

In assessing whether the improvement in advertising sales can properly be attributed to the reorganization, it would be helpful to find out each of the following EXCEPT:

A Two years ago, what proportion of the Greenville Times's total revenue was generated by advertising sales?  
B Has the circulation of the Greenville Times increased substantially in the last two years?  
C Has there been a substantial turnover in personnel in the advertising sales force over the last two years?  
D Before the reorganization, had sales representatives found it difficult to keep up with relevant developments in all the types of businesses to which they were assigned?  
E Has the economy in Greenville and the surrounding regions been growing rapidly over the last two years?

1、正确答案：B
2、前提：一个广告企业希望通过重组人力，来遏制下降的收入。它将自己的业务员分区作业，一些在市中心，而一些在周边。结论：通过让员工只负责一个领域来提高认知专业化，最终收入上升。问题：在评估是否广告销售的改善可以归因于重组，下列哪一项是最有用的？
3、选项分析：A收入有多少比例是由广告产生？ 这说的是广告和收入的关系，与原文重组无关。
B发行量有没增加？意思是问，除了取得收入的方法改变以外，大环境里的销量本身有没有增加呢？指明了取得收入的直接影响因素。正确。
C哪些企业的类型对广告收入提供最大 这说的是企业类型和收入的关系 无关
D用户订的量会不会固定？用户与公司重组无直接联系
E哪种类型的企业更多 这个问题和C一样，说的是企业类型，与原文无关

3、Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

When people engage in activities that help others, their brain releases endorphins, the brain's natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. It has been suggested that regular release of endorphins increases people's longevity. And a statistic on adults who regularly engage in volunteer work helping others shows that they live longer, on average, than adults who do not volunteer. However, that statistic would be what we would expect even if volunteering does not boost longevity, because____________.

A in the communities studied, women were much more likely to do regular volunteer work than men were, and women tend to live longer than men do.  
B the number of young adults who do regular volunteer work is on the increase  
C the feelings of well-being induced by endorphins can, at least for a time, mask the symptoms of various conditions and diseases, provided the symptoms are mild.  
D it is rare for a person to keep up a regular schedule of volunteer work throughout his or her life.  
E Some people find that keeping a commitment to do regular volunteer work becomes a source of stress in their lives.  

1、正确答案：A
2、原文逻辑：做志愿者能让大脑产生ED，它能对人好。有假设说释放正常的ED可以让人长寿。有科学数据发现做志愿者活动的人要比不做志愿者活动的人长寿。即使志愿者没有长寿，我们依然愿意相信这个数据，因为：
3、选项分析：A选项说女人比男人做志愿活动多，并且女人活得比男人时间长。说明志愿活动有可能让人长寿。证明了结论的有可能成立。
          B选项说年轻人经常做志愿者活动的人数在上升。无关。
          C选项说这种 E物质引起的快乐只要是温和的，就能在一定时间以内减轻由疾病引起的一些症状。这与志愿者活动和长寿都无关。
          D选项说对于一个人来说一直保持规律的志愿者活动是很少见的。无关。
          E选项说有的人发现做规律的志愿活动成为他们生活的一种压力。这是说明了志愿者活动的不好，无关。

4、When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on no evading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.

The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
A An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.  
B Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.  
C When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.  
D No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.  
E Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.

1、正确答案：C
2、原文逻辑：当有人逃税时，一个恶性循环就开始了。因为有人逃税，所以就会迫使制定法律的人提高税率，因此那些没有逃税的人的税负就加重了，因此就会鼓励更多的人逃税。
问题是，以下哪一个选项是真，才会产生恶性循环？
3、选项分析：A.税收提升反而刺激纳税人提升其税前收入。这样说明纳税人的收入有可能会提高，不过这与恶性循环无关。
B.侦测逃税方法的成功率每年不同。无关，不能说明。
C.纳税人在制定税率的时候没有考虑到有人会逃税。反过来说如果政府考虑了逃税的可能依此制定出税率，那么逃税的金额已经考虑其中，不会影响政府预估的总收入，因此不会提高税率。不会产生恶性循环。因此如果政府没有考虑逃税得出税率则会产生恶性循环。
D提高对逃税人的罚金。这样会限制逃税，有可能减少恶性循环。
E相对于导致逃税的税率，大家没有什么不同，也就是说大家都逃税。如果大家都逃税，提升税率也是没用的。没有了恶性循环的前提。

5、The sense of delayed gratification, of working now for later pleasure, has helped shape the economic behavior of our society. However, that sense is no longer nurtured as consistently in our children as it once was. For example, it used to take a bit of patience to put together the toys that children got in cereal boxes; now the toys come from the boxes whole.

Which of the following is an assumption of the passage above?

A The toys in cereal boxes have changed partly because the economic conditions of our society have improved.  
B The influence of promotion gimmicks on the economic behavior of our society has increased over the years.   
C The toys that used to come in cereal boxes were put together by the same children who played with them.   
D Part of the pleasure of any toy lie in putting the toy together before playing with it.   
E Today's children do not expect a single toy to provide pleasure for a long period of time.

1、正确答案：C
2、原文逻辑：推迟幸福感，先工作后享受，勾勒出我们这个社会的经济行为。然而这种感觉已经不再存在于我们的孩子了。Eg; 过去通常需要花费一些耐心去组装玩具才能玩，但是现在的玩具却是整体的不需组装。
两种状况：我们（先工作后享受，因为过去需要先组装玩具才能玩）孩子（直接享受，因为他们不再需要组装玩具，玩具已经被组装好了）
3、假设题，前提应该是先工作后享受基于同一个人。
4、选项分析：A选项说箱子中的玩具是变幻，因为经济环境也是多变的。无关
B选项说经济活动中的诡计近年来增多了。无关
C选项说组装玩具的孩子和玩玩具的孩子是同一群。正确。
D选项说有一部分玩具的快乐来自玩玩具前的组装。这比喻工作中也也有快乐，与原文不符，不是说先工作后享乐。
E选项说今天的孩子不再指望一个玩具可以给他们带来长时间的快乐。无关。