3.27逻辑

韩小宁

1、Last August the XT chain of gasoline stations had a temporary sales promotion in effect in the promotion , any customer who made a purchase of ten or more gallons of gasoline was entitled to a free car wash . For the month of August , XT experienced a ten percent increase in gasoline sales as compared to sales in August the previous year so evidently the promotion was successful as a means of boosting sales.

In evaluating the argument , it would be most helpful to answer which of the following ?

A. In the areas in which XT's gasoline stations operate , how did total combined gasoline sales for all gasoline stations last August compare with sales for the previous August?  .
B. Was the money that XT earned from the increase in gasoline sales enough to offset the cost of providing tree car washes during the promotion?  .
C. Were there any customers who bought ten or more gallons at an XT gasoline station during the promotion who would have or more gallons at an XT gasoline in lower quantities , but more frequently ,if the promotion had not been in effect?  .
D. Did XT or any or its gasoline stations have to pay other businesses to provide the car washes that customers were offered in the promotion?  .
E. Are XT's gasoline sales in August usually significantly higher than one twelfth of XT's annual gasoline sales?

2、Hardin argued that grazing land held in common(that is,open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing lan. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accure to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.

Which of the following, if true and known by the ranchers, would best help explain the results of the study?

A With private grazing land, both the costs and the benefits of overuse fall to the individual user.  .
B The cost in reduced land quality that is attributable to any individual user is less easily measured with common land than it is with private land.  .
C An individual who overuses common grazing land might be able to achieve higher returns than other users can, with the result that he or she would obtain a competitive advantage.  .
D If one user of common land overuses it even slightly, the other users are likely to do so even more, with the consequence that the costs to each user outweigh the benefits.  .
E There are more acres of grazing land held privately than there are held in common.  


3、Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over the last year. In order to take advantage of this increase, Mammoth Industries plans to expand production of its own model of telephone, while continuing its already very extensive advertising of this product.

Which of the following, if true, provides most support for the view that Mammoth Industries cannot increase its sales of telephones by adopting the plan outlined above?

A Although it sells all the telephones that it produces, Mammoth Industries' share of all telephone sales has declined over the last year.  .
B Mammoth Industries' average inventory of telephones awaiting shipment to retailers has declined slightly over the last year.  .
C Advertising has made the brand name of Mammoth Industries' telephones widely known, but few consumers know that Mammoth Industries owns this brand.  .
D Mammoth Industries' telephone is one of three brands of telephone that have together accounted for the bulk of the last year's increase in sales.  .
E Despite a slight decline in the retail price, sales of Mammoth Industries' telephones have fallen in the last year.


4、Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect. However, when running toward an insect, a tiger beetle will intermittently stop and then, a moment later, resume its attack. Perhaps the beetles cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running, tiger beetles are unable to adequately process the resulting rapidly changing visual information and so quickly go blind and stop.

Which of the following, if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?

A When a prey insect is moved directly toward a beetle that has been chasing it, the beetle immediately stops and runs away without its usual intermittent stopping.  .
B In pursuing a swerving insect, a beetle alters its course while running and its pauses become more frequent as the chase progresses.  .
C The beetles maintain a fixed time interval between pauses, although when an insect that had been stationary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause.  .
D If, when a beetle pauses, it has not gained on the insect it is pursuing, the beetle generally ends its pursuit.  .
E The faster a beetle pursues an insect fleeing directly away from it, the more frequently the beetle stops.

5、The Earth's rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth's oceans can be accurately estimated.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth's oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.  .
B At any given time, all the Earth's rivers have about the same salt levels.  .
C There are salts that leach into the Earth's oceans directly from the ocean floor.  .
D There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth's oceans.  .
E None of the salts carried into the Earth's oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.