【Native Speaker每日综合训练—33系列】【33-12】科技

zxppx

Official Weibo:  http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
大家好!胖胖翔来了! 精彩尽在今日科技——speaker中，如何“听”颜色？ speed：听说过挂羊头卖狗肉的，现在欧洲也有挂牛排卖马肉的！大象闻声辨敌友！大西洋海底中出现的“铅层”是怎么回事？ enjoy~

Part I：Speaker

【Rephrase1】
Article 1
Neil Harbisson: I listen to color
[Dialog, 9: 36]






Source:
http://www.ted.com/talks/neil_harbisson_i_listen_to_color#

zxppx

Part II：Speed

【Time 2】
Article 2
In business as in science, prejudice holds women back
Investors favour pitches from men, and recruiters assume that male applicants are better at maths.

Gender-related bias partly explains why men are more likely than women to found start-up companies and why they hold more jobs in science-related fields, according to two studies published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In one study, Alison Wood Brooks, a social psychologist at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts, and her colleagues showed videos of US entrepreneurial pitch competitions to experienced business investors. The investors were 60% more likely to invest in pitches presented by men than by women. What's more, attractiveness gave the men, but not the women, an advantage. This effect was independent of the investor's gender.

To rule out the possibility that the content of each pitch affected the outcome, the researchers showed 194 volunteers the same pitch video, narrated by a man or a woman and accompanied by a photograph of a sex-matched entrepreneur of higher or lower attractiveness. The volunteers were more likely to invest in pitches narrated by a man, especially if they thought he was attractive, but attractiveness did not make female entrepreneurs more competitive.

That finding surprised study co-author Laura Huang, a behavioural economist at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. "We had expected that attractiveness might give females a 'premium', mainly because there is much more attention paid to females being concerned about appearance," she says.

But Madeline Heilman, a psychologist at New York University who was not involved in the study, says that attractiveness has been shown to benefit men but not women in fields historically dominated by men — and business investment is certainly such a field. The study, she adds, shows for the first time that stereotypes that other studies have shown benefit men in fields such as management and the sciences seem to operate in business investment as well.


字数[301]


【Time 3】

Number crunch

In a second study, Ernesto Reuben, a behavioural economist at Columbia University in New York, and his colleagues asked nearly 200 volunteers to evaluate 96 candidate pairs for a job that required skill in a maths-related task.

With no information other than the candidate's appearance, the volunteers ‘hired’ men twice as often as women. This was also the case when applicants told the volunteers how well they thought they would perform in the task, in part because the men were more likely to brag about their performance, and the women were more likely to underestimate it.

When the volunteers were told how the applicants had done in the maths task (which men and women did equally well in most cases), discrimination declined — but it didn't disappear completely. Both male and female recruiters were still more likely (about 30% more on average) to prefer the male applicants.

This suggested that the volunteers were biased against women in positions that require maths skills. Indeed, the researchers found evidence for such a bias in an ‘implicit association test’ (IAT), in which the participants showed stronger associations between pictures of men and words related to maths and science than between pictures of men and words related to the liberal arts. What's more, the stronger their gender–maths bias was in the IAT, the stronger was their tendency to prefer men in their hiring decision for the maths-related job.

To Reuben, this suggests that because people are not used to seeing women in maths-related jobs, they form a stereotype in which the two are not connected. This can create a cycle: stereotypes make it harder for women to succeed in being hired for such jobs, which could in turn discourage women from applying for the jobs in the first place.

For now, it's important to raise awareness that these biases exist and that people often don't know they have them, says study co-author Paola Sapienza, an economist at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management in Evanston, Illinois. She says that people should all get to know their own biases, for example by taking the IAT. She adds: "The more people learn that they have biases, the more they [will] be aware and maybe [can] unbias themselves."

Sapienza has already followed her own advice and taken the test. "I was seriously afraid that I had the [gender–maths] bias myself," she says. But she had no reason to worry — she didn't have it.


字数[409]
Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/in-business-as-in-science-prejudice-holds-women-back-1.14845


【Time 4】
Article 3
Elephants recognize the voices of their enemies
African elephants can distinguish human languages, genders and ages associated with danger.

Humans are among the very few animals that constitute a threat to elephants. Yet not all people are a danger — and elephants seem to know it. The giants have shown a remarkable ability to use sight and scent to distinguish between African ethnic groups that have a history of attacking them and groups that do not. Now a study reveals that they can even discern these differences from words spoken in the local tongues.

Biologists Karen McComb and Graeme Shannon at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK, guessed that African elephants (Loxodonta africana) might be able to listen to human speech and make use of what they heard. To tease out whether this was true, they recorded the voices of men from two Kenyan ethnic groups calmly saying, “Look, look over there, a group of elephants is coming,” in their native languages. One of these groups was the semi-nomadic Maasai, some of whom periodically kill elephants during fierce competition for water or cattle-grazing space. The other was the Kamba, a crop-farming group that rarely has violent encounters with elephants.

The researchers played the recordings to 47 elephant family groups at Amboseli National Park in Kenya and monitored the animals' behaviour. The differences were remarkable. When the elephants heard the Maasai, they were much more likely to cautiously smell the air or huddle together than when they heard the Kamba. Indeed, the animals bunched together nearly twice as tightly when they heard the Maasai.

“We knew elephants could distinguish the Maasai and Kamba by their clothes and smells, but that they can also do so by their voices alone is really interesting,” says Fritz Vollrath, a zoologist at the University of Oxford, UK (see video below).

Fascinated by their findings, McComb, Shannon and their colleagues wondered whether the Maasai language on its own was a danger signal, or whether the animals were responding to the combination of the language and the voice of an adult male who was likely to wield a spear. To find out, they recorded Maasai women and boys saying the same phrase, and monitored elephant-family responses to them.


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【Time 5】

Careful listeners

The differences were similar to what they saw with the Kamba. The elephants were less likely to flee from the voices of Maasai women and boys than they were from Maasai men, and they bunched together less closely. Most intriguingly, the researchers noted that elephant families led by matriarchs more than 42 years old never retreated when they heard the voices of boys, but those led by younger matriarchs retreated roughly 40% of the time.

It is not yet clear whether elephants are born knowing what a dangerous human sounds like or whether they can learn this from one another, but McComb suspects that the knowledge is cultural rather than innate. “Even though spearings by Maasai have declined in recent years, it’s still obvious that fear of them is high. This is likely down to younger elephants following the lead of their matriarchs who remember spearings from long ago,” says McComb.

In fact, elephants seem to be able to communicate about their encounters with dangerous people, according to a separate recent study that appeared late last month in PLOS One2. It found that the animals adjusted the frequencies of their vocalisations as they meet different threats, and made a unique call when they came across swarming bees and a different unique call when they met people who traditionally hunted them. Whether these calls are something akin to language remains to be determined, but the findings certainly hint that there is much more going on in the minds of these animals than previously expected.


字数[255]
Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/elephants-recognize-the-voices-of-their-enemies-1.14846


【Time 6】
Article 4
How Much Horse Is in Your Burger?

Don't like surprises in your hamburgers? New research may help ensure that you don't get a serving of horse meat when you buy beef. Using Raman spectroscopy, a technique where light scattered off a sample is used to measure molecular vibrations, researchers have created a scoring system that can distinguish beef, horse meat, and mixtures of the two. The work, to be published next month in Food Chemistry, is timely considering a meat scandal that occurred early last year in Europe, where some of the products sold as beef in grocery stores and to caterers turned out to be partially or entirely horse meat instead. The motive appears to have been profit, as horse meat is generally cheaper than beef. Testing to check for horse meat is generally done using DNA analysis, but the new method allows for a simpler and quicker test that can be performed onsite.


Source:
字数[148]
http://news.sciencemag.org/chemistry/2014/03/scienceshot-how-much-horse-your-burger

zxppx

Part III： Obstacle

【Paraphase7】
Article 5
3D Maps Reveal a Lead-Laced Ocean
Tracking pollution. Red and yellow areas on a cross-sectional map of the Atlantic Ocean, and in a rotating 3D animation (below), highlight areas with relatively high traces of lead.

HONOLULU—About 1000 meters down in a remote part of the Atlantic Ocean sits an unusual legacy of humanity’s love affair with the automobile. It’s a huge mass of seawater infused with traces of the toxic metal lead, a pollutant once widely emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. Decades ago, the United States and Europe banned leaded gas and many other uses of the metal, but the pollutant’s fingerprint lingers on—as shown by remarkably detailed new maps released here this week at the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting.

The 3D maps and animations are the early results of an unprecedented $300 million international collaboration to document the presence of trace metals and other chemicals in the world’s oceans. The substances, which often occur in minute quantities, can provide important clues to understanding the ocean’s past—such as how seawater masses have moved around over centuries—and its future, such as how climate change might shift key biochemical processes. Over about 30 cruises in the past few years, researchers have collected nearly 30,000 water samples at 787 study sites. Then, using painstaking techniques—including wearing “moon suits” and working in clean rooms to prevent contamination—they’ve measured elements like iron, nickel, and zinc. The effort, known as GEOTRACES, “is a huge improvement over what we were able to do in the past,” says ocean chemist Hein de Baar of the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research in Texel.

GEOTRACES is tracking some 200 elements and other substances, but the lead maps released this week tell an especially sobering story of past pollution—and continuing contamination. In the central Atlantic, for example, the maps show a huge slug of subsurface seawater with lead levels higher than those in surface or deeper waters. That tainted water was once at the surface, where it collected airborne lead particles, explains chemical oceanographer Abigail Noble of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. But the surface water slowly sank into the deep ocean, essentially becoming a time capsule recording “the incredible impact that we have had on the oceans in the past, and how it changes over time.”

Although the elevated lead levels stand out as red and yellow blotches on the GEOTRACES maps, the concentrations are too low to pose a major threat to humans or wildlife, says MIT ocean scientist Edward Boyle. “You probably aren’t going to see stupid fish or whales swimming around,” he says, alluding to the brain damage that can be caused by lead exposure. The lead concentrations are roughly equivalent to what you’d get if you dissolved a small spoonful of frozen orange juice in 200 Olympic-sized swimming pools, Noble estimates. And lead levels in much of the Atlantic have dropped dramatically over the past few decades, Noble and Boyle note, mostly thanks to the lead phaseout in the United States and Europe.

Still, the maps show there are places where lead contamination is a continuing problem. Off the southern tip of Africa, surface waters with relatively high traces of lead are flowing into the South Atlantic from the Indian Ocean. That’s probably due to the continuing use of leaded gasoline in parts of Africa and Asia and perhaps to some heavy industry there, says chemical oceanographer Christian Schlosser of the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom.

Another hot spot, the maps show, is where the Mediterranean Sea empties into the eastern Atlantic. The lead concentrations there “are some of the highest we saw anywhere” in the Atlantic, says chemical oceanographer Rob Middag of the University of Otago, Dunedin, in New Zealand. That may be because the Mediterranean is a relatively enclosed body of water with heavily settled shores and has been collecting pollution for centuries.

The maps will be expanded in coming years as new cruises are completed. But other researchers are already beginning to mine them for insights into trace elements such as iron, which can fertilize plankton blooms and could be a major player in how the oceans respond to climate change. Scientists are also tracking atomic isotopes that can help map the worldwide movements of seawater and help pinpoint the original sources of lead and other trace metals. The unusually detailed GEOTRACES data, Noble says, is letting researchers “see things that we couldn’t see before.”


字数[740]
Source:
http://news.sciencemag.org/chemistry/2014/02/3d-maps-reveal-lead-laced-ocean

xiaofan0205

终于等到了！

Speaker
The speaker who is a color blindess use a electronic eye to help him sense color with differnt vioce. After a while, he can hear colors and it changes his life. He can hear paintings, products in supermarkets, foods, and face. Therefore, it also have some side effects that he can transfer sounds such as music and speech to colors.
Finally, he established a foundation to encourge people use this kind of technology to extend their senses and knowledges, which will lead to a more exciting life.

Time2: 2'10"
Time3: 2'44"
Two studies published this week could explain gender-ralated bias in science-related fields.
One study shows that attractiveness benefit men but not women in science-related field. The other study suggest that people think women are bad at maths-related job, but if they know that they have biases, they maybe can unbias themselves.

Time4: 2'03"
Time5: 1'36"
A study shows that elephants are able to listen to human to tell the difference between a man used to help them and a man used to kill them, they also know the difference between man, woman and children. Scientists suspect that the knowledge is cultural rather than innate.

Time6: 0'57"
A new technique can be used to distinguish beef, horse meat and mixtures of the two after the meat scandal occurred early last year in Europe.

Obstacle: 5'01"
3D maps of the Atlantic Ocean show a huge mass of seawater infused with traces of the toxic metal lead. The substances, which often occur in minute quantities, can provide important clues to understanding the ocean's past and its future.
Other researchers are already beginning to mine them for insights into trace elements such as iron, which can fertilize plankton blooms and could be a major player in how the oceans repond to climate change.

jenniferlyy125

Day 36

---speaker

The speaker has an electronic eye to help him hear different colors. The electronic eye totally changes his life. He can listen to paintings, products in supermarket, foods, and even dresses. The eye also changed his perception of beauty, and he can even create sound portrays of different people.

However, the technique also brings him secondary effects since he would naturally relate every sound in life, for example music or speech, to colors. As the speaker can extend the colors he can perceive, he adds infrared and ultraviolet rays that normal people cannot perceive to his electronic eye. In addition, he established a foundation to encourage people to extend their senses and knowledge as to have a more exciting life. People will have the century in which they can change their human body.

----speed

1.      1’44

In business investment, stereotype also holds against women. Experiments show that women are not advantageous on appearance in terms of business investment. While in male-dominant industry, pitches from male are more likely to be accepted.

2. 2’20

Experts continued to conduct experiments and found that there is a stereotype related to women are low in math skills. The effect can be tested by IAT and the prejudice creates a cycle. Awareness of gender bias in math and scientific skills should be raised and solutions are needed to reduce the bias.

3.1’59

Experiment showed that elephants can distinguish human enemies who historically attacked them by identifying human voice. Further experiment was designed to figure out whether the language counts or combination of language and voice count.

4.1’20

Further experiment demonstrated that elephants are more likely to react to male voices, and experts guess it is a cultural experience that the elder teach the younger. It is assumed that elephant can generate a unique call to communicate the threats of enemy.

5.0’53

After a scandal of replacing beef with horse, new techniques allow immediate scan of the meat and check whether customers get the right products.

----obstacle

3D maps and animation of ocean allow people to trace metal, other chemical elements and pollution those human historically created decades ago. This technique, in addition, can help experts understand the ocean in the past.

The record of lead shows an iconic historical and future pollution. Past surface lead that sank indicates changes of ocean. Even though the lead level is accelerated, its threat is reduced because of banning of lead usage. However, some locations show serious lead problem because of continuous usage and geographical feature.

The 3D map technique is promising and more chemical data will be collected to help people see what we cannot see before.

guagua13

谢谢胖胖翔～

Speaker
going to supermarket is like going to a night club LOL
dress to look good --> sound good
way look at food has changed: eat sounds
perceive beauty: hear the face, look beautiful --> sound terrible
secondary effect: normal sounds become color
translate speeches into colors
human vision wasn't good enough, can now perceive things human vision can't perceive
ultraviolet: good day or bad day
we should extend our senses by using technology
big change: create tech for our own body.

Speed
time2 1:50:92 301
investors are 60% more likely to invest in pitches presented by men than by women. attractiveness benefit men rather than women.
time3 2:27:97 409
men are more likely than women to be hired in math-related fields.
time4 2:10:03 352
elephants can distinguish enemies by clothes, smells, and voices.
time5 1:44:25 255
it's not yet clear whether elephants are born knowing what a dangerous human sounds like or whether they can learn from one another. elephants make unique calls when they encounter different threats.
time6 00:59:61 148
in europe, some of the products sold as beef turned out to be partially or entirely horse meat instead. testing for horse meat is generally done through DNA analysis, but the new method that will be published next month allows for a simpler and quicker test onsite.

Obstacle 5:04:33 740
lead pollutants still exist in Atlantic Ocean. geotraces is tracking elements and other substances.
the concentrations of lead are too low to pose a major threat to human or wildlife.
the maps show there are other places where lead contamination is a continuing problem as they still use leaded gasoline.
some of the highest lead concentrations are in Mediterranean.
the unusual detailed data lets researchers see things that they couldn't see before.

MAGGIEHE1993

哈哈占~~~~~~~~ 谢谢ppx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

---

Speaker: The speaker is a full colorblind and the world used to be gray to him. But he developed a electronic eye to
         detect the sound of color and listen to it. He can now percept colors by distinguish different sounds and
         the world begin to be colorful in his eyes. He promoted that we should extend our own sensation and we won't
         be alone.

time2: 1min 39"
       A research has shown that investors tend to find men more attractive than women when presented a business plan
       and tend to invest in start-up companies whose founders are men. Science field has the similar rule as the business
       world.

time3: 2min 02"
       Further study has found that people prefer men to women in maths-related work because there is a stereotype in their
       mind that men are more talented and skilled in solving math-related problems. Scientists are worried that this
       unaware discrimination may discourage women to apply for maths-related jobs at the first time and in turn make them
       less appeal to solve math problems.

time4: 1min 50"
       Scientists have found that elephants can distinguish enemies by recognizing their sound. Scientists made this discovery
       by recording voices of two groups of people and releasing the voices to elephants. They have found that the elephants
       tend to be more stressed when hearing the voice of the group which used to have violence with elephants. The finding was
       fascinating and the scientists continue to wonder if it is the voice of the Maasai itself that makes elephants so stressed.

time5: 1min 38"
       Scientists suspect that the knowledge of elephant of dangerous groups is cultural rather than innate.

time6: 45"
       A new technique is used to measure molecular vibrations in order to determine the meat composition. This technique is
       developed respond to a food scandal that beef is replaced by horse mear in order to be profitable.

Obstacle: 4min 40"
       A huge mass of water was contaminated by toxic metal lead due to humanity's love affair of automoiles.
       Scientists have undertook painstaking techniques to draw 3D maps of the polluted ocean.
       The lead maps released this week tell an especially sobering story of past pollution and continuing contamination.
       But scientists claim that the contamination won't be harmful to human's health and one of the scientists made an
       analogy of it.
       But the maps show that there are places where lead contamination is still a problem, for example, Asia, Africa and
       the Mediterranean Sea.
       Scientists plan to expand their mind and trace other elements such as iron.

疏离无罪

首页～～～～～～～～

Speaker: Use electronic eyes to distinguish color by hearing different sounds of colors.This new tech changes the speaker's life and also raises several troubles.People should creat more application for our body and to aspire body.

01:38
A study shows that attractiveness can not make females more competitive,but can benefit males in fields historically dominated by men.

01:52
Another study shows that people have discrimination in women's math-realted skills.And this stereotype makes women harder to success in these field.More worse,people do not know they have this bias.

01:19
Elephants can recognize their enemies by distinguishing vocies.

01:09
Elephants even can recogize the gendr and age of the voice and then make a decision.The knowledge is learned from life and experience.

00:58
A new developed scoring system that can distinguish beef and horse meat.

05:09
Main Idea:A 3D map shows the ocean lead pollution
A recent released 3D map shows that lead pollution in Atlantic.This map was made by the effort known as GEOTRACES.
G is tracking chemical element in ocean water which was released in the past.These lead on the map is the past pollution as well as continuing contamination.Most of them have sanked into deep water.And the concentration is too low to threat human.But it isstill a problem to the enviornment.
G is trying to develop this map and add more element on this map.Also G wants to us this map to study climate change.

jokerking

早起就会有首页~   虽然根本不算早了。。。
spk:speaker have color blind but he can hear colors by his electronic eyes. this technology gradually changed his life like how to dress, how to make food, even influence the perceive of beauty. He tried to paint the colors he listened and use some technologies to extend his color sense that normal human cant see. He encourage people to become a cyborg cause this is an exciting experience.    刚看完NEUROMANCER就看了这个speak   太应景了！~
spd:   1.43   2.04   1.49   1.25   0.45
ob:    3.45
a huge mass of seawater infused with toxic metal due to the burning of leaded gasoline.-- scientists use 3D maps to track the pollution. before that is the massive collection of water samples. -- the technology named GEOTRACES demonstrate lead is major pollution and may cause continuing contamination.-- although the lead concentrations are too low to pose a major threat to human but this chemical can lead to brain damage. --the maps show there are places where lead contamination is a continuing problem.-- we can see from the map, the lead concentration is very high in Mediterranean because it is a relatively enclosed area.-- the map need to be improved and it can help scientists see things that they couldn’t see before.

cherry6891

占座     

Obstacle 5:40

A huge mass of seawater infused with traces of the toxic meta lead was found 1000 meters down in Atlantic Ocean by 3D map.

--the 3D maps are result of unprecedented big money of international collaboration to trace metals and other chemicals in the ocean. The maps can provide to understand the ocean’s paste and future after human contamination

Article 2 4:19

Two studies punished in NAS discover two bias :

1 the volunteers were more likely to invest in pitches narrowed by man espacially attractive man, while the attractive women don’t get the advantage

2 bias ** men are more good at math related jobs

Article 3

1：58  Elephants can tell danger from the combinations of language and smell

1:30 elephants can distinguish the human sounds and it seems the ability is cultural

Article 4

0:44  a quick method to distinguish horse,beef meet using R spectroscopy