【Native Speaker每日综合训练—32系列】【32-17】科技

疏离无罪

Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471

Part I: Speaker

At 4.4 Billion Years Old, Oz Crystals Confirmed As World's Oldest

by NELL GREENFIELDBOYCE

February 24, 2014 3:27 AM

[Rephrase 1]

[Dialog,03:57]



Resouce: NPR
http://www.npr.org/2014/02/24/280888059/at-4-4-billion-years-old-oz-crystals-confirmed-as-worlds-oldest

疏离无罪

Part II: Speed

People Are More Moral in the Morning
As the day wears on, we become less ethical
Mar 1, 2014 |By Nessa Bryce

[Time 2]
Most of us strive to do the right thing when faced with difficult decisions. A new study suggests that our moral compass is more reliable when we face those decisions in the morning rather than later in the day.

In a series of studies at Harvard University and at the University of Utah, 327 men and women participated in tasks designed to measure cheating or lying behavior either in the morning or in the afternoon. For instance, in one study the subjects attempted to solve math problems, some of which were impossible, knowing they would be paid five cents for every solved problem. They reported their own scores, giving them an opportunity to lie and thus receive more money. The people who participated in the afternoon sessions in all the experiments were more likely to cheat than those who took part in the morning sessions.

Ethical decisions often require self-control, which past research has found to be dependent on the body's energy stores, much like a muscle: if it is heavily taxed, it eventually becomes exhausted. This study suggests that even the regular activities of daily life can deplete these resources. It also hints that sleep is crucial for rebuilding moral muscle; indeed, previous research shows that sleep deprivation hampers ethical decision making. So if you are faced with an ethical dilemma, you may want to save your pondering for the morning after a good night's sleep.
【237】

Resource: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/people-are-more-moral-in-the-morning/

Five Vitamins and Supplements That Are Actually Worth Taking
Science tells us that taking most vitamins is worthless—but here's a few that buck the trend
By Joseph Stromberg
February 14, 2014

[Time 3]
Recently, a number of studies published in the Annals of Internal Medicine underscored a fact that scientists have become increasingly sure of: The vast majority of vitamins and mineral supplements are simply not worth taking. "Enough is enough: stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements," declared an editorial that was published in the issue.

This goes for a tremendous range of supplements that you might imagine to be beneficial. Multivitamins don't reduce the chance of cancer or cardiovascular disease. Controlled, randomized studies—where one group of people take supplements and another takes placebos, and the groups are compared—have produced little evidence that antioxidants protect against cancer. Study after study has shown that vitamin C does nothing to prevent common cold, a misbelief that dates to a theoretical suggestion made by a scientist in the 1970's.

Of course, our bodies do need these vitamins to live—it's just that the diet of most people who live in developed countries in the 21st century already includes them in abundance. In many cases, taking high amounts of them in a refined form (especially vitamins A, C and E and beta carotene) can actually be harmful, increasing the risk of cancer and other diseases by excessively inflating the concentration of antioxidants in the body.

Nevertheless, there are a handful of vitamins and supplements that, studies suggest, are actually worth taking for people with specific conditions. Information is Beautiful, a data visualization website, has a thought-provoking interactive that shows supplements charted by the strength of evidence that indicates they're beneficial. Here's our rundown of some of the most promising.
Of all the "classic" vitamins—the vital organic compounds discovered between 1913 and 1941 and termed vitamin A, B, C, etc.—vitamin D is by far the most beneficial to take in supplement form.

​Vitamin D
A 2008 meta-analysis (a review of a number of studies conducted on the same topic) of 17 randomized controlled trials concluded that it decreased overall mortality in adults. A 2013 meta-analysis of 42 randomized controlled trials came to the same conclusion. In other words, by randomly deciding which participants took the supplement and which didn't and tightly controlling other variables (thereby reducing the effect of confounding factors), the researchers found that adults who took vitamin D supplements daily lived longer than those who didn't.

【305】

[Time 4]

Other research has found that in kids, taking vitamin D supplements can reduce the chance of catching the flu, and that in older adults, it can improve bone health and reduce the incidence of fractures.

Of course, even though they're widely recognized as the best way to test a treatment's effectiveness, randomized controlled trials have limitations. In this case, the biggest one is that these studies can't tell us much about the mechanism by which vitamin D seems to reduce mortality or provide other health benefits. Still, given the demonstrated benefits and the fact that it hasn't been shown to cause any harm, vitamin D might be worth taking as a supplement on a consistent basis.

Probiotics
A mounting pile of research is showing how crucial the trillions of bacterial cells that live inside us are in regulating hour health, and how harmful it can be to suddenly wipe them out with an antibiotic. Thus, it shouldn't come as a huge surprise that if you do go through a course of antibiotics, taking a probiotic (either a supplement or a food naturally rich in bacteria, such as yogurt) to replace the bacteria colonies in your gut is a good idea.

In 2012, a meta-analysis of 82 randomized controlled trials found that use of probiotics (most of which contained bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus, naturally present in the gastrointestinal tract) significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea after a course of antibiotics.

All the same, probiotics aren't a digestive cure-all: they haven't been found to be effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome, among other chronic ailments. Like most other supplements that are actually effective, they're useful in very specific circumstances, but it's not necessary to continually take them on a daily basis.

【374】

[Time 5]

Zinc
Vitamin C might not do anything to prevent or treat the common cold, but the other widely-used cold supplement, zinc, is actually worth taking. A mineral that's involved in many different aspects of your cellular metabolism, zinc appears to interfere with the replication of rhinoviruses, the microbes that cause the common cold.

This has been borne out in a number of studies. A 2011 review [PDF] that considered 13 therapeutic studies—in which patients who'd just come down with the common cold were given zinc supplements, and compared to those who'd been given a placebo—found that the mineral significantly reduced the duration of the cold, and also made symptoms less severe. So if you feel a cold coming on, avoid overdosing on vitamin C, but take a zinc lozenge or pill to get better sooner.

Niacin
Also known as vitamin B3, niacin is talked up as a cure for all sorts of conditions (including high cholesterol, Alzheimer's, diabetes and headaches) but in most of these cases, a prescription-strength dose of niacin has been needed to show a clear result.

At over-the-counter strength, niacin supplements have only been proven to be effective in helping one group of people: those who have heart disease. A 2010 review found that taking the supplement daily reduced the chance of a stroke or heart attack in people with heart disease, thereby reducing their overall risk of death due to a cardiac event.

​Garlic
Garlic, of course, is a pungent herb. It also turns out to be an effective treatment for high blood pressure when taken as a concentrated supplement.

A 2008 meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials (in which similar groups of participants were given either a garlic supplement or placebo, and the results were compared) found that, on the whole, taking garlic daily reduced blood pressure, with the most significant results coming in adults who had high blood pressure at the start of the trials.

On the other hand, there have also been claims that garlic supplements can prevent cancer, but the evidence is mixed. Observational studies (which rely on data collected from people already taking garlic supplements on their own) have found associations between garlic consumption and a reduced incidence of cancer, but that correlation could be the result of confounding factors. Controlled studies have failed to replicate that data.

【397】

Resource:smithsonianmag
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/five-vitamins-and-supplements-are-actually-worth-taking-180949735/

Legionnaires’ disease bacteria lurk in tap water
Found in nearly half of faucets, contamination could explain sporadic cases of disease
BY BETH MOLE 11:16AM, FEBRUARY 21, 2014

[Time 6]
Of 68 water taps that scientists sampled across the United States, 47 percent harbored traces of Legionella pneumophila. The bacterium causes Legionnaires’ disease, a severe form of pneumonia and flulike Pontiac fever — collectively referred to as legionellosis.

Though legionellosis is relatively rare with an estimated 8,000 to 18,000 infections annually nationwide, the vast majority of cases are not linked to an outbreak and monitoring for L. pneumophila can be difficult.

Chemist Maura Donohue of the Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati and colleagues collected 272 samples over two years from 68 water sources, including kitchen sinks, bathroom sinks, drinking fountains and a refrigerator water dispenser.

By probing for the bacterium’s genetic material, the researchers found that 32 taps contained L. pneumophila traces in at least one sample. Of those 32 taps, 11 contained the bacterium in multiple samples.

The small study, which appears February 18 in Environmental Science & Technology, is one of the first to chart the national prevalence of L. pneumophila in water taps. The authors suggest that further research should investigate how the bacteria arrive in people’s sinks.
【186】

Source:Science News
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/legionnaires-disease-bacteria-lurk-tap-water

疏离无罪

Part III: Obstacle

Augmented Reality Gets to Work
Augmented reality hasn’t yet lived up to its promise, but it could catch on in situations where it makes employees more efficient.

[Paraphrase 7]

For Thomas Caudell, it started with a desire to make it easier to build airplanes. It was 1990, and Caudell, then a scientist at Boeing, was trying to figure out how to help workers assembling long bundles of wires for the new 777 jetliner.

The standard procedure was to thread and bundle the wires along pegs on a board that was about 20 to 30 feet long, then take the wires over to the plane for installation. But to do the wiring correctly, workers had to continuously glance between an instructional sheet and the assembly, which complicated an already tricky job.

Caudell and his colleague David Mizell had an idea: what if they could give the assembly workers a see-through display that could guide them by superimposing lines for where the wires should go on top of the board? Trying such a thing with the 777 made particular sense, since it was the first jetliner to be fully digitally modeled before it was physically assembled, so there were already computerized images of its components.

Caudell and Mizell built such a system that the workers could wear on their heads. But, as with other early attempts to overlay the real world with bits of the virtual, it didn’t catch on. Caudell says that was largely because the head-tracking required to make the system work while people moved around wasn’t responsive enough, and wearable computers were nowhere near as powerful as they are today. However, he did come up with a term for this new kind of digital vision: augmented reality.

In the decades since, augmented reality has crept toward acceptance (see “Augmented Reality Is Finally Getting Real”). The arrival of smartphones, tablets, and head-worn computers like Google Glass—and improvements in the tracking technology that bedeviled Caudell and Mizell—are making augmented reality more useful, but it’s still far from commonplace because handheld gadgets aren’t that immersive and smart glasses are still pricey and awkward-looking.

But fashion and price don’t matter to companies eager for technologies to help their employees work more efficiently. The defense contractor Raytheon and the electronics maker Mitsubishi Electric, among other large companies, have been trying augmented reality in the workplace and out in the field. “Some companies are thinking, ‘Look, this is interesting enough, we’ll take some bets on it, we believe there’s a good chance. At least we want to have a first mover’s advantage compared to our competitors,’” says Soulaiman Itani, founder and CEO of Atheer Labs, which is making 3-D virtual reality software and glasses. The Mountain View, California-based company is working on some small pilot tests with companies—he won’t say which ones—to try augmented reality in hospitals, on construction sites, and in factories.

The augmented-reality software startup Daqri, based in Los Angeles, is also getting companies to explore the technology. Like Atheer, Daqri sees head-worn displays as the way we will eventually use the technology, but for now much of its focus is on smartphone and tablet displays.

Founder and CEO Brian Mullins demonstrated his startup’s technology with an iPad and a piece of paper featuring a basic diagram of the human heart. He placed the paper on a table, then instructed me to look at it on the iPad using a Daqri app. The app detects features on the paper through the iPad’s rear-facing camera, matches those features with associated 3-D images stored on Daqri’s servers, and keeps track of where the 3-D images should be in relation to the paper. The heart levitated atop the paper, pulsing slightly as cartoon blood pumped through it. Daqri’s software tracked my movement around the heart with the iPad, allowing me to see it from different angles and turn different functions on or off at will. I backed away from the heart to see how far I could go before it would start to flicker on the iPad’s display and got well beyond the door, which was 11 feet away.

This was still a far cry from something that would be useful on a factory floor, but I could imagine how Daqri’s software could make the leap, especially as wearable displays improve. Several companies, including the defense contractor Raytheon, are trying out Daqri’s software. Andy Lowery, a Daqri cofounder who is no longer involved in the company’s daily operations, is an engineering director at Raytheon and has used a 3-D model made by Daqri to show progress on a cylindrical signal-jamming device that will fit on the wings of Navy fighter planes.

Because the device, called the Next Generation Jammer, includes complex electronics, it’s hard to visualize, Lowery says. Modeling it with augmented reality software running on a handful of iPads that allowed viewers to walk around it, pop open doors, explore the insides, and highlight various subsystems was much more engaging than a normal 3-D model on a flat screen. “It gives you a much better feel for how it actually looks,” he says.

There’s also hope that augmented reality can make things easier for workers who are away from the office or the factory. Gabriel Weiss, who oversees augmented reality projects at Mitsubishi Electric, says the company is using software from augmented reality software company Metaio on Epson’s Moverio smart glasses to test whether air conditioner service technicians benefit from a three-dimensional overlay that shows them the components of the company’s most popular residential air conditioner. A YouTube video depicts what a technician wearing the glasses sees: basic cues about how to remove a fan and other parts depicted as virtual arrows, circles, and screwdrivers atop the physical object.

Weiss emphasizes that the test is meant to explore whether “it’s something the technicians want.” And indeed, getting workers to want to use the technology could be a challenge. Eric Mizufuka, Epson’s new markets product manager, let me try the glasses, which can be used only with an attached control unit about the size of a small hard drive. As with most other head-worn displays I’ve tried, I found the setup unwieldy and its method of showing images in the air around me difficult to navigate on the first try.

Tobias Hollerer, a professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara who studies augmented reality, says getting people to accept the technology depends on factors that may not have improved as much as display and tracking technology have—namely, how users control the system, be it with gestures, voice, or something else entirely. “Obviously there’s a lag in deploying these technologies from when they became possible to when they became robust enough to actually be deployed in work flows,” he says. “But I think there is enough of a benefit in augmented reality to make that leap.”

Already, this is beginning to happen in the industry Caudell was hoping to augment back in the ‘90s. Mizufuka says Epson’s Moverio glasses are being used by some aircraft workers to simplify the mounting of components within airplane engines.


【1229】
Resource:MIT Technology Review
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/524626/augmented-reality-gets-to-work/

疏离无罪

继续自沙

Speaker:Gas,dust and cloud fromed planet.The oldest crystal on earth in australia is about 4.4 billion years.The crystal may formed at the crash of an object,which created the moon.Some scientists argued about the accuracy of the test method.And this team approve it is right.

01:09
Study shows that people are more moral in the morning.Since ethical decisions need self-control which need energy stores.

01:47
Most of vitamin is useless to people since we have already get them in diet.And overusing refined form of vitamin will be harmful to health.But Vitamin is worth taking.

01:33
Vitamin D can help people bone health and reduce the risk of fractures.And Vitamin D has no side effect.Probiotics can reduce the harm of taking an antibiotic.But it is only useful in this specific case.It's not necessary to continue after it.

01:49
Zinc can help cure the common cold.Niacin with large dose can be helpful in many conditions.And Niacin can reduce the chance of heart attack.Garlic is a effective treatment of high-pressure.

00:58
Study shows that legionellosis lurks in the tap.

08:16
Main Idea: Augmented Reality is on the way
Many years ago,two engineer wanted to make the process of assembling 777 jetplane more easier for workers.Then they designed a digital vision system called augmented reality.But because of the limitation of technology,it can not be usein reality.Now with development of technology,augmented reality seems to be more useful,though still far from commomplace.
But fashion and price don’t matter to companies eager for technologies to help their employees work more efficiently.Several 3D virtual reality software and glasses have been invented and used.And the article raised several examples about this technology.Though these softwares are still far from useful on a factoru floor,it can lead to wearable displays improve.Another example about plane wings was cited.
Augmented reality can also make things easier for workers who are away from the work place.But it will be challenge to get workers to want to use this technology.Many factors that can urge people to accept this technologu are still under study.
Generally speaking,this is a good beginning.

sherlock1992

楼上沙发帝好~~~
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1'20''
2'16''
1'33''
2'11''
1'18''

6'38''

lishuan1

谢谢楼主~

Time2 1'06"05
A Professor from Havord University did a research and found that people's moral compasses are more reliable in the morning.
Doing ethical decisions needs self control which needs to consume energy and can be exhausted in the evening.

Time3  2'16"55
In 1750 a scientist said that eating Vitamin C as supplement is beneficial. After that most people believe that Vitamin C can help people to get rid of cold and some other diseases. But recently, scientists found that only 5 Vitamins and supplements are actually worth to eat. They built two groups one ate Vitamins and one ate playtos, there is nothing different. Actually if people eat too much Vitamins and supplements, the risk of getting cancer would increase.
According to scientists' study, Vitamin D is the most helpful supplement, by eating which people can live longer.

Time4 2'12"65
VD can help children to reduce the risk to get flu and decrease the risk of fracture of old people. Scientists have not found any disadvantages of taking VD, so that Vd is the most valuable one to take.
Probiotics:
Probiotics can signicicantly reduce the impact of taking antibiotics.


Time5 3'09"44
Zinc can prevent and treat cold.
Niacin can help heart disease.
Garlic can reduce blood pressure.

Time6 1'39"08
Scientists found there is one kind of bacteria which can cause severe legionnaires' disease on the taps.

Time7 5'21"60
Long time ago, when workers are assembling airplanes, they need to always glance at the paper to make sure they did correct. One observed this and invented a glass wearing which workers can see assembling images when they look at a part of plane.
It works not good because it contains too much data and work too slow.
Then they invented augmented reality. It was helpful. Many airplane bought it even it was expensive.
After that, many companies focus on this technology too.

xiaofan0205

Thanks

Time2: 1'43"
Studies show people are more moral in the morning because sleep is crucual for rebuilding moral muscle.

Time3: 3'09"
Most of the vitamins and mineral supplements are not worth taking, but there are a handful of vitamins and supplements actually worth taking for people with specific conditions.

Time4: 2'15"
Vitamin D can make you live longer. If you do go through a course of antibiotics, taking a probiotics to replace the bacteria colonies in your gut is a good idea.

Time5: 2'59"
You will get better when you feel a cold coming if you take a zinc lozenge or pill. Niacin is talked up as a cure for all sorts of conditions. Garlic is an effective treatment for high blood pressure.

Time6: 1'22"
A small study is one of the first to chart the national prevalence of L. pneumophila in water taps. The authors suggest that further research should investigate how the bacteria arrive in people’s sinks.

Obstacle: 9'31"
Augmented reality started with a desire to make it easier to build airplanes.
In the decades, the arrival of smartphones, tablets, and head-worn computers are making augmented reality more useful.
Obviously there's lag in deploying these technologies from when they became possible to when they became robust enough to actually be deployed in work flows.

小蘑菇开始打怪

占座来一套！
---------------

谢谢楼主！

speaker:

a crystal was found to be the oldest one in the world

3 billion year in beach? it is surprising

time2:1:26

a experiment compares the possibility people will lie

it turns out that people will more likely to lie in the morning

telling a lie is associated with other part of the body

time3:1:53

enough is enough

taking much vitamin even do harm to body

5 vitamin is good for health which were supported by experiment

vitamin D is one of them

time4:1:33

vitamin D can help protecting heart, but don't know at what percentage

eat antibiotic much is harmful to annual bacteria

time5:2:21

zinc help cure from cold

niacin=vitamin B3, help heart disease

Garlic reduced blood pressure, it is not know whether it can prevent cancer

time6:1:18

many people contact with bacteria lurk in tap water

don't know where do the bacteria come from

time7:7:21

the development of smartphone or tablets will help making augmented reality into use

it is not know whether works want to use this tech

the tech is originally invented for airplane

many companies are interested in this tech and want to develop it into practise

AceJ

疯狂占座！！！谢谢疏离

At 4.4 Billion Years Old, Oz Crystals Confirmed AsWorld's Oldest

Back in 2001,scientists reported that one of the zircon crystals was about 4.4 billion yearsold — so old that not everyone believed it.

People Are More Moral in the Morning

Time2:1'26" A new study suggests that our moral compassis more reliable when we face those decisions in the morning rather than laterin the day because Ethicaldecisions often require self-control, which to be dependent on the body'senergy stores

Five Vitamins and Supplements That Are Actually WorthTaking

Time3:2'32" The vast majority of vitamins and mineralsupplements are simply not worth taking; Of all theclassic viatmins, vitamin D is by far the mostbeneficial to take in supplement form

Time4:2'01" taking a probiotic to replace the bacteriacolonies in your gut is a good idea

Time5:2'31" Other helpful supplements: Zinc, Niacin and Garlic

Legionnaires’ disease bacteria lurk in tap water

Time6:1'08" Of 68 water taps that scientists sampledacross the United States, 47 percent harbored traces of Legionella pneumophila

Augmented Reality Gets to Work

Time7:9'09"

Augmentedreality was started by Caudell and Mizell when they wanted to help assemblingworkers to assemble 777 jetliners easily

Inthe decades since, augmented reality has crept toward acceptance. Many companies, like Daqri and MitsubishiElectric, are developing worn-devices that reallygetting people to use it

Lisauce

谢谢疏离~ 边坐着边吃VC糖，然后看着speed说VC吃多致癌。。。今天的文章好长知识，下次感冒的时候吃吃锌片！
我的作业
掌管 5 00:00:43.78 00:09:15.21
掌管 4 00:02:29.53 00:08:31.42
掌管 3 00:02:23.62 00:06:01.88
掌管 2 00:02:26.91 00:03:38.25
掌管 1 00:01:11.34 00:01:11.34

---SPEED---
T2 People Are More Moral in the Morning
Scientists found that people in the morning are more likely to behave moral.
Experiment shows that people in the afternoon cheated more often.
Scientists explained this theory by body's energy stores.
In the afternoon, our body become exhausted and would not want to be moral.
It improves that sleep is very important for us to be ethical.
-----------------------------------------------------------
T3 Five Vitamins and Supplements That Are Actually Worth Taking
Science tells us that taking most vitamins is worthless—but here's a few that buck the trend
Multivitamins don't reduce the chance of cancer or cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin C does nothing to prevent common cold.
Our bodies do need these vitamins to live.
In many cases, taking high amounts of them in a refined form can actually be harmful.
Vitamin D is by far the most beneficial to take in supplement form.
-----------------------------------------------------------
T4 Vitamin D and Probiotics
Taking vitamin D do good to both adults and kids.
Although randomized controlled trials are regard as the best way to test a treatment's effectiveness, they have their own limitations.
The trials cannot tell us the mechanism of vitamin D to reduce mortality or provide other health benefits.
Probiotics are also be good at our health.
Probiotics aren't a digestive cure-all.
Probiotics significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea after a course of antibiotics.
-----------------------------------------------------------
T5 Zinc, Niacin and Garlic
Although vitamin C can do nothing for the common cold, Zinc is worth taking.
In the experiment, the patients who take Zinc experience shorter duration of the cold than that take the placebo.
Niacin do good to people who have the heart diseases.
Garlic turns out to be an effective treatment for high blood pressure when taken as a concentrated supplement.
Some people believe that it can also reduce the risk of cancer, but until now the evidence is mixed.
-----------------------------------------------------------
T6 Legionnaires’ disease bacteria lurk in tap water
Researchers have found that of 68 water taps sampled across the United States.
47 percent harbored traces of Legionella pneumophila.
-----------------------------------------------------------
---OBSTACLE---
找到一个介绍这个augment reality的网址分享给大家！
http://cn.engadget.com/tag/augmented+reality/

Augmented reality started with a desire to make it easier to build airplanes.
Augmented Reality Gets to Work
The inventors of the Augmented Reality give the assembly workers a see-through display.
This dispaly could guide them by superimposing lines for where the wires should go on top of the board.
Caudell and Mizell built such a system that the workers could wear on their heads.
In the decades since, augmented reality has crept toward acceptance.
But fashion and price don’t matter to companies eager for technologies to help their employees work more efficiently.
In the decades, the arrival of smartphones, tablets, and head-worn computers are making augmented reality more useful.
Obviously there's lag in deploying these technologies from when they became possible to when they became robust enough to actually be deployed in work flows.