GMAT OG13 阅读笔记（6篇/日）

1369179610

看见有同志在使用我的帖子。。。。  提醒一句。。。仅作参考啊，同志们，就连单词都有翻译的不准的地方，文章类型基本都是错的。  那时还太年轻。。。。啥也不懂。。。哈哈。


发帖格式：从后往前：从第23篇（p410）开始往前做,一篇文章一楼。
难句分析（总结规律和句式）  
本文大意  （复述）               
单词总结
题目理解   
难句背诵

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段一 After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding,（that引导的定语从句后置） it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it（介词结构修饰mass，mass做不可数名词的时候表示物质或物质的质量，本文表示物质。it向前指代第一个出现的名词--universe） for the mutual attraction of its constituents（of引导修饰名词的定语后置） to bring this expansion to a halt?


It can be calculated that the critical（临界的） density of matter needed to brake（中止） the expansion and "close" the universe is equivalent to （等同于）three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.


   But the density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies（以星系形式存在的发光体）—comes to（涉及） only a fraction of this（this向前指代第一个出现的名词--universal density）.


If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70（factor是倍数的意思，by a factor of + 数词  是固定用法，表示以几倍）.


既然宇宙是在不断扩大的，那么它是会无限扩张还是有一个足够量的物质可以提供相互吸引力让它停下来呢？那个临界物质密度值相当于每立方3个氢原子，但是可见宇宙的密度只涉及宇宙密度的一小部分。如果宇宙真要停止扩张，不可见的宇宙必须比可见宇宙的密度大将近70倍。




段二  Our contribution to （我们对研究的贡献）the search for this "missing matter"（指不可见的宇宙） has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies（星系自转速度，星系的速度，光速都用velocity表达） at various distances（相距不同的距离） from their center of rotation.


It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center（随着离中心距离的增大，习惯用法：luminosity do sth. with distance/n meters per minute）.


If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus（介词结构开头的句式--没有逗号） the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler's law（方式状语后置）.


Instead （副词开头句式--也没有逗号）we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.


我们在研究不可见物质的成果是在离中心不同距离的自转速度变化上。发光体离中心越远数量越少。如果物质的量（可以提供吸引力）会随发光体的变化而变化，那么自转速度会随距离成几何级数递减。但是实际上自转速度随距离变化是保持不变或略微上升的，这意味着随发光体的减少，不发光体在增加。

段三
Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass,  of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes（注意：of 是in the form of 的结构并列，并列短语的一种并列句式，最后一个并列加连词or）, either small or massive（定语后置，这是说黑洞或大或小）.


While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates（估计值） are converging on（接近） the critical value（临界值）.


我们的发现表明宇宙中90%的物质是不可见的，这些不可见物质可以使不发光的星体，像木星一样的大行星，或黑洞。至于现在宇宙的质量是否可以让扩张停止，将估计值进一步精确很有必要。








本文是问题解决型的文章：
第一段提出问题：宇宙的扩张是否会停止？这与宇宙整体质量有关。物质密度临界值（the critical density of matter）是可以计算的，只是它不全面，没有包括不发光物质。
第二段解决问题：对不发光物质的研究--我们的研究发现虽然发光物质随离中心的距离数量减少但自转速度不变，推知不发光物质的量是随距离增多的。
第三段问题的进展：不发光物质占宇宙90%。这些不发光物质的量是否足够停止宇宙扩张需要临界值的进一步精确。


注意到每段是靠前一段结尾提出的名词来衔接的，整体的逻辑是宇宙的总质量是否可以让宇宙停止扩张----密度的临界值可以说明这点----密度临界值在可见宇宙部分已经确定，在不可见宇宙部分需要进一步精确。







单词
obtain   indefinitely   mass    mutual attraction   constituents   halt   critical density   brake    be equivalent to    observable   luminous matter    in the form of   exceed   by the factor of      rotational velocity of galaxies      spiral galaxy luminosity      fall off     geometrically     in conformity with      falloff in sth.        an increase in sth.     nonluminous     radiate with some wavelength      intensity    dim  be sufficient to do       estimates     be converging on       critical value  








获得    无限期的   物质（的质量）   相互吸引力     成分，组成     停止     密度临界值    中止  
等同于   可观测的   发光物质      以。。形式呈现    超过    以。。。倍      星系自转速度
螺旋发光星系     下降（词组）      几何级数的        遵守
在某方面下降     在某方面上升        不发光的       以某种波长辐射       强烈程度   昏暗的
足够做。。。         估计值（复数）        靠近，聚拢          临界值










题目：
116.The authors' study indicates that, in comparison with  
the outermost （离中心最远的）regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the  
region just outside the nucleus ca n be characterized  
as having  


118.It can be inferred from information presented in the  
passage that if the density of the universe were
equivalent to significantly less than （少于  加在名词前构成名词词组）three hydrogen  
atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would  
be true as a consequence?

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    While the most abundant and dominant species   前三行，while 引导的状语从句
within a particular ecosystem is often crucial in
perpetuating the ecosystem,/ a "keystone" species,  
here defined as one whose effects are much larger  
than（it） would be predicted from its abundance, can  比较从句可以省略主语（或将than看作代词做主语用),保留谓语。其他的例子：
There is more in it, than meets in the eye.
它的内涵较表面要深。
Don't eat more than is good for you.
不要吃的过量。
There may be more importance in it than would seem.
它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。


also play a vital role. But because complex species
interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone
species by removing the species and observing
changes in the ecosystem is problematic.


关键物种对生态会起很大作用。但因物种间有联系，所以移走一种物种以观其反应值得商榷。




It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a  
species as a keystone species; for example,  
Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator （P ochraceus是一种海星的名字，本句后半段提到了。）
because it consumes and suppresses mussel
populations, which in the absence of this starfish  
can be a dominant species.


某些特征可以确定关键物种，比如海星捕食淡菜。




But such predation on a dominant or potentially dominant   （on：关于，也就是about）
species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that
do not have species that play keystone roles. Moreover,  
whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous                （ whereas：鉴于）
keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in  
more wave-sheltered habitats the impact of
P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and  
at certain sites sand burial is responsible for  
eliminating mussels.


但没有关键物种的环境也存在类似现象。比如沙滩掩埋淡菜，这不是海星的功劳。


Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether
of particular geography or of such factors as community  
diversity (for example, a reduction in species
diversity may thrust more of the remaining species  
into keystone roles) and length of species  
interaction (since newly arrived species in particular
may dramatically affect ecosystems).  


关键物种的地位与环境有关，环境包括地理环境和种群多样性，以及物种来到这个区域的时间的长短。




本文是现象解释型的文章。
行文逻辑： 关键物种影响生态程度比其他物种更大---关键物种的确定


移除不行--因为影响生态
找特点不行--因为环境本身可以产生类似特点


所以关键物种是依赖环境存在的，环境包括地理，种群多样，外来物种。




单词：
perpetuate the ecosystem     identify     problematic     suppress    mussel
predation on sth.     whereas     wave-exposed   headlands    sand burial  
eliminate mussels     context     reduction   dramatically








保持生态     定义    成问题的    阻止。。。生长   淡菜
关于。。。的捕食行为   鉴于  从波浪中裸露出来的 岬   沙子的掩埋
消灭淡菜   背景    减少   戏剧性的






题目：
113.
(A) A species of bat is primarily responsible for  
   keeping insect populations within an ecosystem  
   low, and the size of the insect population in turn  
   affects bird species within that ecosystem.
(B) A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on  
   certain tropical islands, but does not play that  
   role on adjacent tropical islands that are            adjacent 临近的
   inhabited by a greater number of animal species.  
(C) Close observation of a savannah ecosystem             savannah 无树大草原      
   reveals that more species occupy keystone
   roles within that ecosystem than biologists had
   previously believed.
(D) As a keystone species of bee becomes more  
   abundant, it has a larger effect on the
   ecosystem it inhabits.  
(E) A species of moth that occupies a keystone role
   in a prairie habitat develops coloration patterns      coloration  染色，着色
   that camouflage it from potential predators.           camouflage  伪装

114.  The passage suggests which of the following about  
the identification of a species as a keystone species?     identification 鉴定




今天听见有 人说阅读，还有逻辑靠翻译是不行的，这点我不同意。但是很多人翻译完了之后发现没有用，或者是做题速度慢，我觉得是缺少复习和背诵，还不够熟练。不论是逻辑还是阅读首先都是必须要读懂，每次读完，里面的单词，词组，句式若还未熟练掌握，下次读不懂是正常的。

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段一
   According to a recent theory, Archean-age   -age构成名词
gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than  
two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that
originated from molten granite-like bodies deep  
beneath the surface of the Earth.




This theory is contrary to the widely held view that
the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids,
that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration  （that is： 即，就是）-ation = -ion ...行为/状态
词缀扩充：
-ion  -ation  -ition   -tion  -sion  -xion 均表示 ...行为，状态
例如：
hesitation 犹豫  competition  竞争  confession 供人 dehydration  干燥
of wet sedimentary rocks.


Conclusion: Recent theory:       vein systems were formed from magamatic fluids.
           contrary to widely held view--vein systems were formed from metamorphic fluids.
新理论：矿脉形成于M。新理论反对旧观点——矿脉形成于变质流体。






段二
    The recently developed theory has considerable  
practical importance. Most of the gold deposits
discovered during the original gold rushes were        original gold rushes 最初的淘金热
exposed at the Earth's surface and were found           be exposed and be found  并列句式
because they had shed trails of alluvial gold                shed（shed，shed）发光；脱落；流出
that were easily traced by simple prospecting  
methods.


Although these same methods still lead
to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet   not yet 尚未
discovered have gone undetected because they are  
buried and have no surface expression.  


Conclusion:   recent theory has importance, for instance, the trails of alluvial gold.
             However, simple methods are not efficient now.
新理论有使用价值，但现在由于地表的迹象模糊，简单的探测方式已经不再好使。








段三


    The challenge in exploration is therefore to       therefore 可以插在不定式之前 系动词之后
unravel the subsurface geology of an area and  
pinpoint the position of buried minerals.


Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial
images that yield a broad geological overview;
geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic,  
electrical, and mineralogical properties of the  
rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical  
tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical  
halos that often envelop mineralization.


However, none of these high-technology methods are of
any value if the sites to which they are applied have
never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of  
discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular  therefore 可以放在情态动词之后，动词之前
attention to selecting the ground formations most
likely to be mineralized.


Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on
conceptual models, which take into account theoretical
studies of relevant factors.


Conclusion:  challenge in exploration: subsurface geology and the position of minerals.
            modern tech:  aerial images  +  sensitive chemical tests
            practical condition:  areas being mineralized
            area selection: depend on conceptual models.
勘探的关键是地下地形和矿的位置。现代的技术包括航天图片和化学探测技术，但是前提是那片地区被开采过。地区的确定是根据复杂的理论模型确定的。






段四：
These models are constructed primarily from
empirical observations of known mineral deposits
and from theories of ore-forming processes.  
The explorer uses the models to identify those  
geological features that are critical to the formation
of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries
to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many  
of the critical features as possible.  


Conclusion: models are constructed from empirical observations. They are used to identify critical features.The areas containing the most critical features would be selected.


模型是凭经验构成的，可以总结出某地区是否具有矿化的典型特征。有最多矿化特征的地区将被选中。




本文的类型是问题解决型：
第一段提出一个理论，与旧观点对比。
第二段新观点很有用，但也有瑕疵。
第三四段 瑕疵的解决：勘探的关键是地下地形和矿的位置，这个靠现代技术还不够，还要地区的确定--必须是矿化的地区。 矿化地区的筛选是通过模型做到的。






单词：
Archean-age   gold-quartz vein systems    magmatic fluids   originate from  granite-like bodies    
be contrary to     deposit        metamophic   that is    dehydration    sedimentary  gold rush
shed     alluvial gold    prospecting       expression      exploration    subsurface   unravel
pinpoint    aerial images       overview      geophysical      magnetic     electrical   mineralogical
sensitive    halos     envelop    mineralization        mineralize    formation     rely   conceptual
take into account     theoretical     empirical    observations     ore-forming    mineralization




太古时代    金丝水晶矿脉系统      M流质     源于   像花岗岩的物体  
反对     沉淀     变质的    即    干燥   沉积的     淘金热
发光     沙金    勘探      表达       探索      地下    解开，阐明
准确的指出   航天图片   概况    地球物理学的   地磁的  电的  矿物学的
灵敏的    光晕   包含    矿化，含矿物   矿化   形成   依靠   概念上的
考虑    理论上的    经验上的    观察数据    矿物形成的     矿化，含矿物




题目：


be concerned with    methodology  enumerate   divide    furnish




关心的是，研究的是   方法论      列举        分离       提供

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段一
Frazier and Mosteller 【assert that 】medical            陈述句式：sb.assert that sth.could be done by a move toward sth.
research could be improved by a move toward  
larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments.  
Currently, researchers collect far more background  
information on patients 【than is】 strictly required for   比较级省略句式： 比较从句可以省略主语（或将than看作代词做主语用),保留谓语。其他的例子：
There is more in it, than meets in the eye.
它的内涵较表面要深。
Don't eat more than is good for you.
不要吃的过量。
There may be more importance in it than would seem.
它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。
their trials— substantially more than hospitals  
collect —【thereby】 escalating costs of data         【修饰】thereby 连接副词，可以连接从句，分句，句子。其作用类似句子副词（句子副词即可以被看做是句子的副词，与句子的其他成分关系不大。举例：eventually）。




thereby造句：
1.He became a British citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.
他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。
2.I gave him my advice; I hope he may profit thereby.
我已给他劝告了，希望他可以由此受益。
3.I have never been to that city; thereby I don't know much about it.
我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
4.Thereby hangs a tale.
其中有点蹊跷[必有原因]。




collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting  
information collection could increase the risk that  
researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study,  
Frazier and Mosteller【 contend that】 such risk, never   陈述观点句式：contend that...
entirely eliminable from research, would still be
small in most studies. 【Only in research on entirely     倒装： 副词做状语置于句首，倒装。（这样的副词有：then,only,along）
new treatments are new and unexpected variables  
likely to arise.】  


Conclusion: idea 1: Medical research could be improved by limiting information collection.
           the risk of overlooking some facts during routines is small.


F和M提出：医学研究需要简化对治疗方法的临床实验--这导致浪费。除非是极具创新性的治疗方法，有限的信息没什么实质风险。






段二
    Frazier and Mosteller【 propose】 not only that         陈述性句式 propose not only that...but also that...
researchers limit data collection on individual  
patients but also that researchers enroll more  
patients in clinical trials, 【thereby】 obtaining a more    【修饰】thereby句式
representative sample of the total population with  
the disease under study. Often researchers restrict  
study participation to patients who have no  
ailments besides those being studied. A treatment  
judged successful under these ideal conditions can  
then be evaluated under normal conditions.  
Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier        
and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to            陈述句式  sb suggest
evaluate a treatment's efficacy for diverse patients  
under various conditions and to evaluate its  
effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For
example, the value of a treatment for a progressive  
disease may vary according to a patient's stage of
disease. Patients' ages may also affect a
treatment's efficacy.  




Conclusion:  F&M propose that trials should also enlarge the sample scale. And treatment judged sucessful under ideal conditions should be evaluated in normal conditions.
F和M 认为 临床实验在精简信息收集的同时应扩大样本数量，并且成功的治疗方法应在正常的不同的情况下进一步评估。








本文的类型是结论解释型：


段一提出医学研究要简化和扩大其临床实验。
段一和段二分别解释了什么是简化，什么是扩大——扩大样本数量和多样化治疗方案评估的背景和条件。








单词：


assert    a move toward    clinical trials    treatment     substantially    escalating
overlook    contend       eliminable          individual patient    enroll    representative sample
restrict participation to     ailment       broaden the range of      participants   efficacy
subgroup    progressive     the stage of disease


声称    对。。。的改变      临床实验      治疗方案        充分地       逐步上升
忽视    声称                可消除的      个体病例        登记          代表性样本
限制。。。的参加            微恙          扩大范围        参加者        功效
子群     阶段性的           疾病的阶段






题目：


applicability  prohibitively     concern   substantiate    inherent  
适用性          禁止地           涉及       证实            内在的，固有的




ps:  杨鹏长难句对句子的划分：   省略   倒装    复杂的修饰    大段的插入语，同位语     +    陈述句式

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19.（p402）




段一
The majority of successful senior managers do not
closely follow the classical rational model of【 first
clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating  
options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a  
decision, and only then taking action to implement  
the decision.】
难句类型：【复杂的修饰】，本句话【】里的部分是model的具体内容。
主干大意：
大多数成功的资深管理人员并不是严格地遵照经典的理性模型：【】。




Rather, in their day-by-day tactical  
maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is
vaguely termed "intuition" 【to】 manage a network of  
interrelated problems that require them to deal with  
ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty,and surprise; and
【to】 integrate action into the process of thinking.


这两个to是并列关系。


段一用两个句子讲了一件事：资深经理不按公式。而是靠直觉处理问题并将行动和想法结合在一起。








段二
    Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely
heavily on intuition. In general, however, such  
writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.
Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others  
view it as an excuse for capriciousness.  


段二：有时直觉会被过分使用，但是作家讲不清直觉是什么，要么是理性的反面，要么是反复无常的借口。






段三：
    Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive  
processes of senior managers reveals that
managers' intuition is neither of these.


【Rather,】 rather直接翻译成‘而是 ’
senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct
ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem
exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to
perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This  
intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
on years of painstaking practice and hands-on
experience that build skills. A third function of  
intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and  
practice into an integrated picture, often in  
an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use
intuition as a check on the results of more rational  
analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with  
the formal decision analysis models and tools,  
and those who use such systematic methods
for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of  
solutions suggested by these methods which run  
counter to their sense of the correct course of  
action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass
in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a
plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an
almost instantaneous cognitive process in 【which】 a
manager recognizes familiar patterns.


which指的就是process。


段三说isenberg不同意那些作家的看法。直觉是有固定的使用渠道的，一共5个：发现问题，有效地行动，综合信息，检验结果，快速得出结论。总而言之，直觉就是快速地发现了熟悉的解决办法。




段四：


    One of the implications of the intuitive style  
of executive management is that "thinking" is  
inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know"
what is right before they can analyze and explain it,  
they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is
inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles,  
in which managers develop thoughts about their  companies
and organizations not by analyzing a  
problematic situation and then acting, but by acting
and analyzing in close concert. Given the great  
uncertainty of many of the management issues that
they face, senior managers often instigate a course  
of action simply to learn more about an issue.  
They then use the results of the action to develop
a more complete understanding of the issue. One
implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action
is often part of defining the problem, not   just of  
implementing the solution.


直觉模式的一个线索（特征）是思维和行动是分不开的。资深经理面对复杂的情况总是先行动，再分析和解释。事实上，行动是定义问题的一部分，而不仅是落实解决办法。








本文的类型是结论解释型：


先第一段：陈述资深经理行为方式：直觉——不按常规模式走。
然后第二段：著述中提到的对直觉的定义。
第三段Isenberg的研究
第四段：直觉行为的一个线索：行动先于分析，行动和思考同时进行。


线路很清晰：引入（1）--理论（2,3）--实践（4）










单词：




closely   follow     classical    rational    clarify     implement the decision
day-by-day    tactical      maneuver      executive      ambiguity  inconsistency
integrate into         practicing manager   capriciousness
well-learned     arbitrary   irrational     painstaking    hands-on     synthesize
intergrated picture      as a check    formal    systematic    leery     run counter to
bypass    in-depth       engender     instataneous      implication    inseperable  inextricably
in close concert      instigate    implement




严格地    遵守    经典的      理性的     使清晰     实施决定
每天     战略上的   策略     总经理      歧义  不连续
与。。。成为一体     在工作的经理人    反复无常
训练有素的   任意的   非理性的    辛苦的，辛勤的    亲手实践的   综合
整合过的图像（轮廓）   作为检察     正式的    系统的   留神的   违反
忽略   深入的   产生    即刻的     暗示  不能分开的   逃不掉地
几乎同时    煽动   落实






题目


stipulate
规定，明确要求
   

1369179610

 18.
段一：
In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political
Role of Women, the first 【behavioralist】,multinational
comparison of women's electoral participation ever to
use election data and survey data together.


behavioralist：运动，活动清单 后面本应直接连接to use election
data and survey data together.




His study analyzed women's patterns of voting,
political candidacy, and political activism in four
European countries during the first half of the
twentieth century. Duverger's research findings
were that women voted somewhat less frequently
than men (the difference 【narrowing】 the longer
women had the vote) and were slightly more
conservative.  


* narrow在这里做动词，表示限于...范围内


完整的用法是：
narrow sth. down (to sth.)把选择范围缩小到
举例：
We have narrowed down the list to four candidates.
We have narrowed the list down to four candidates.
我们把范围缩小到四位候选者身上。


本段大意：MD出版了一本《妇女政治角色》，这本活动清单首次将选举数据和研究数据结合在一起。研究成果是：妇女投票没那么频繁且倾向于保守。








段二


    Duverger's work set an early standard for the
sensitive analysis of women's electoral activities.  
Moreover, 【to Duverger's credit,】 he placed his
findings in the context of 【many】 of the historical
processes that had 【shaped these activities. 】




|However, since these contexts have changed
over time, Duverger's approach has【 proved】 more
durable than his actual findings. |In addition,  
Duverger's discussion of his findings was hampered  
by his failure to consider certain specific factors  
important to women's electoral participation  
at the time he collected his data: the influence  
of political regimes, the effects of economic  
factors, and the ramifications of political and
social relations between women and men. |Given  
this failure, Duverger's study foreshadowed the  
enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach
to the multinational study of women's political
participation.


* to one's credit  某人值得赞扬的地方是
* many 在这里是名词，许多
* shape these activities 形成，发展这些活动
* prove vi.结果是，原来是（本文释义）    vt.证明




本段大意：
D的优点：建立标准， 给出历史环境，研究方法一直有效
D的缺点：未考虑具体的某些影响因素，因此有局限性。






本文的文章类型：特别套路——评论


逻辑：一本书的特点，成果；这本书的优点，缺点；之后的行为主义方法的局限。










单词：


activism     researching findings   candidacy     conservative
hamper      electoral    regime    ramification  given  foreshadow
enduring




行动主义    研究成果   候选人资格    保守的
妨碍   选举的    政治制度    衍生结果   考虑到  预示着
持久的






题目：


protestant   reinterpret  reconcile    egalitarian


新教徒（的）  重新解释     调停         主张平等的






新东方对阅读的类型划分：


现象解释型   结论解释型  问题解决型   新老观点对比型     特别套路

1369179610

17.
第一小层：
     Acting on the recommendation of 【a British
government committee investigating the high  
incidence in white lead factories of illness among  
employees, most of whom were women,】 the Home  
Secretary proposed in 1895 that Parliament 【enact】
legislation that would prohibit women from 【holding
most jobs】 in white lead factories.


难句1：
【复杂的修饰--复杂名词】
"a British government committee" 和 "investigating the high
incidence in white lead factories of illness among employees"
是并列的同位语，most of whom were women 修饰employees。


这一大串名词的意思是：按照“一个英国政府委员会（的建议）即白铅工厂
中工人（大多数得病的人是女性）得病研究调查”的建议






英语思维：
在句首用分词结构做状语，用of+N.结构 和同位语结构进一步扩充内容。








句型1：
sb propose that ...(should) do...
* enact 是制定的意思，在前面有should省略了。
* hold a job in xx factory  在某工厂任职  hold 担任，任职
How long has he held office?
他任职有多久了？


本小层大意：按照委员会（…）调查的建议，本国秘书官提议国会应禁止妇女从事白铅工厂大多数的工作。




第二小层：


   Although the Women's Industrial Defence Committee (WIDC),
formed in 1892 in response to earlier legislative  
attempts to restrict women's labor, did not discount
the white lead trade's potential health dangers, it
opposed the proposal, viewing it 【as yet】 another
instance of limiting women's work opportunities.


*as yet: 直到现在，知道过去某时
举例：
an as yet unpublished report
直到现在也没发表的报告
   As yet little was known of the cease of the disease.
当时人们对于这种疾病治疗方法几乎一无所知。






英语思维：
用of+N.结构进一步界定概念。
例如：known +of the cease +of the disease


本小层大意：
虽然WIDC并非不重视工厂对妇女健康的伤害，但是它否定了建议。


第三小层：
Also opposing the proposal was the Society for
Promoting the Employment of Women (SPEW),
which attempted to challenge it by investigating the
causes of illness in white lead factories. SPEW  
contended, and WIDC concurred, that controllable  
conditions in such factories were responsible for the
development of lead poisoning. SPEW provided  
convincing evidence that lead poisoning could be
avoided if workers were careful and clean and if  
already extant workplace safety regulations were
stringently enforced.


SPEW也不同意这个建议，因为工作环境的控制和安全条例的实施可以避免疾病的发生。




第四小层：
However, 【the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), which
had ceased in the late 1880s to oppose restrictions on
women's labor】,supported the eventually enacted proposal,
in part because safety regulations were generally not
being enforced in white lead factories, where there were  
no unions (and little prospect of any) to pressure
employers to comply with safety regulations.


停止反对妇女劳力限制的妇女工会


本小层大意：
妇女工会支持这个建议，因为没有联盟迫使安全条例的实施。








本文类型是观点对比型：


一个调查提出建议：限制妇女在铅厂的工作。
WIDC和SPEW不同意   VS  工会同意




单词：


act on     investigate    incidence    white lead factory    arliament   enact
legislation    prohibit     in response to      discount   trade   oppose  as yet
work opportunity     promote    contend   concur   controllable   conditions
extant   stringently     enforce    cease    prospect    pressure...to do  comply with


按照   研究调查     发生率     白铅工厂     国会    制定
法规   禁止   反应   漠视    行业     反对   当时，现在
工作机会    提出    声称   同意    可控的   工作环境
现有的    严格地    实施   停止   前景    迫使做  实施




难句背诵：


 Acting on the recommendation of a British government committee investigating the high incidence in white lead factories of illness among employees, most of whom were women, the Home Secretary proposed in 1895 that Parliament enact legislation that would prohibit women from holding most jobs in white lead factories.




题目：


contention    hygiene   household
论点          卫生      国内的

1369179610

16.
段一
    It was 【once believed】 that the brain was  
independent of metabolic processes occurring  
elsewhere in the body. In recent studies,【 however,】  
we have discovered that the production and release
in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin  
(neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use  
to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on
the food that the body processes.  


本段大意：once believed：大脑独立于新陈代谢，
         however：大脑神经传递素——血清素的产生和释放依赖于代谢的食物。




段二
    Our 【first studies sought to determine】 whether  
the increase in serotonin observed in rats given
a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan  
might also occur after rats ate meals that change  
tryptophan levels in the blood. 【We found that,】  
immediately after the rats began to eat, parallel  
elevations occurred in blood tryptophan, brain
tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. 【These  
findings suggested that】 the production and release  
of serotonin in brain neurons were normally coupled
with blood-tryptophan increases. In 【later studies】 we  
found that injecting insulin into a rat's bloodstream  
also caused parallel elevations in blood and brain
tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. 【We then  
decided to see】 whether the secretion of the animal's
own insulin similarly affected serotonin production.
【We gave】 the rats a carbohydrate-containing meal  
that we knew would elicit insulin secretion. 【As we
had hypothesized,】 the blood tryptophan level and
the concentrations of tryptophan and of serotonin  
in the brain increased after the meal.




本段大意：
first studies sought to determine：注射大量色氨酸的小鼠饭后色氨酸的增长是否会诱发血清素峰值。
We found that：刚吃完饭，血液和大脑里的色氨酸以及大脑中的血清素都达到峰值。
later studies：发现胰岛素注射会达到上个实验同样的效果。
We then decided to see：动物自身的胰岛素是否有同样的作用。
We gave： 碳水化合物（可诱发胰岛素峰值）给小鼠吃
As we had hypothesized：血液大脑的色氨酸值和大脑血清素值达到峰值。




段三
    【Surprisingly, however,】 when we added a large  
amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan  
and serotonin levels fell. 【Since protein contains
tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan  
levels?】 【The answer】 lies in the mechanism that  
provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells. This
same mechanism also provides the brain cells with  
other amino acids found in protein, such as tyrosine
and leucine. The consumption of protein increases  
blood concentration of the other amino acids much  
more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptopha  
The more protein is in a meal, the lower is the ratio  
of the resulting blood -tryptophan concentration to  
the concentration of competing amino acids, and
the more slowly is tryptophan provided to the brain.  
【Thus】 the more protein in a meal,the less serotonin  
subsequently produced and released.


段三大意：
Surprisingly, however,：增加蛋白质的食用时，大脑色氨酸和血清素下降了。
Since protein contains tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan  
levels?
The answer：提供血液色氨酸给脑细胞的机制--蛋白质在提供色氨酸的同时提供更多的其他氨基酸，因此相较而言色氨酸的浓度比例降低了，色氨酸提供给大脑的速度也变慢了。
Thus：食物中蛋白质越多，越少的血清素会被产生和释放。




本文类型是结论解释型文章：
文章结构：第一段：结论：大脑血清素受食物代谢控制。
         第二段：饭-胰岛素增加-色氨酸增加-血清素增加。
         第三段：更具体的结论：大脑血清素虽然会因食物代谢增加上升，但是会被蛋白质含量增加抑制。


单词：


metabolic  process   elevation   be coupled with     elicit     secretion   lie in   resulting
新陈代谢的  加工      峰值            联系                     引出     分泌物       在于    结果的


题目：


the lower is the ratio of the resulting blood -tryptophan concentration to  the concentration of competing amino acids


It can be inferred from the passage that which of the  
following would be LEAST likely to be  a  potential  
source of aid to a patient who was not adequately  
producing and releasing serotonin? （双重否定）





when the authors began（开始以后） their first studies, they were aware that ...

             before beginning(开始以前)

1369179610

15.


    Two works published in 1984 demonstrate
【contrasting】 approaches to writing the history of  
United States women. Buel and Buel's biography of  
Mary Fish (1736-1818) makes little 【effort to place】
her story in the context of recent 【historiography】 on  
women.


*contrasting：极不相同的，迥异的
The book explores contrasting views of the poet's early work.
次数探讨了人们对这位诗人的早期作品截然不同的观点。
*effort to do sth. 尝试
*historigraphy 历史编纂


大意：1984年的两部作品显示了对妇女历史的不同编写方式。B 和他的“MF传”几乎未尝试将MF的故事放在对妇女的历史编纂的背景之下。




Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to
write the history of women in one southern  
community, but also to 【redirect】 two decades of
historiographical debate 【as to】 whether women
gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as
compared with the eighteenth century.

*redirect sth. (to sth.)重新整理，使用
*as to 关于，至于
   大意：同时，L，不仅在写南部委员会的一个妇女的历史，还重新使用了20年间的关于妇女是否失去地位的历史编纂讨论。


Although both books offer the reader the opportunity to
assess this controversy regarding women's status,
only Lebsock's deals with it directly. She examines
several different aspects of women's status, helping
to refine and resolve the issues. She concludes that  
while women gained autonomy in some areas,  
especially in the private sphere, they lost it in many  
aspects of the economic sphere.




大意：虽说两本书都讨论了女权，但是L讨论的更直接，并帮助提炼和分解问题。她总结道：当妇女在尤其是私人范围内获得权力的时候，在经济上诸多方面她们丧失了权力。


【More importantly,】she shows that the debate itself
depends on frame of reference: in many respects,
women lost power in relation to men, for example,
as certain jobs(delivering babies, supervising
schools) were taken over by men.【Yet】 women also gained
power in comparison with their previous status, owning a  
higher proportion of real estate, for example.  


大意：More importantly，讨论本身依赖于参照系：许多方面女人因为男性丧失了权力。
     yet，女性在某方面也更有地位。




【In contrast,】 Buel and Buel's biography provides ample  
raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by  
some historians, of a colonial golden age in the
eighteenth century but does not give the reader  
much guidance in analyzing the controversy over  
women's status.


相较之下：B提供了较多的原始材料质疑由某些历史学家提出的18世纪殖民地女权黄金时期之谜，但是没有提供分析对女权争论的指导。


本文类型是观点对比


B 不涉及历史编纂方法，不直接讨论女权。L涉及历史编纂方法以及对女权讨论更直接。




单词：


controversy    refine   conclude   resolve   autonomy    sphere
frame of reference    in relation to     in comparison with  
ample   foster   colonial  
争论    提炼   得出结论    分解   自主权   范围
参照系    与。。。有关    相比之下  
足够的   促进   殖民的




难句：


Buel and Buel's biography provides ample  
raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by  
some historians, of a colonial golden age in the
eighteenth century.


题目：


prevalent   supervision    speculate    occupations     characterizations
流行的      监督            猜测         职业                  特征描述