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发表于 2003-3-14 17:06:00
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注：由于大家所用的教材不同（有的是老教材，即分册，有的是新教材，即补充教材），故请大家阅读时参考具体题目进行。
XDF-CR2-19,20
XDF-CR2-14
XDF-CR3-4,18,20
XDF-CR4-18,19
XDF-CR5-11,19,20
XDF-CR6-20
XDF-CR7-10,11
XDF-CR8-12
XDF-CR8-13
XDF-CR9-2,18,19
XDF-CR10-10,15
XDF-CR10-18,19
XDF－CR11－16,20
XDF－CR11－6,10
XDF-CR12-2,16
XDF-CR12-14,19
XDF-CR13-1,14
XDF-CR14-7,12
XDF-CR14-15,16
补充教材214，225，233，238，286
Q: 请问几道cr来自新东方的补充教材
74.Previous studies have indicated that eating chocolate increases the likelihood of getting heart disease.However, a new,more reliable study has indicated chocolate does not incease the likelihood of getting heart disease.When the results of the new study become known,consumption of chocolate will undoubtedly increase.
Which of teh following is an assumption on which the conclusion above is based?
A.Most people who eat a graet deal of chocolate will not get heart disease.
B.Although they believe that eating chocolaet increases the likelihood of getting heart disease,some people still eat as much chocolate as they want.
C.People who have heard that eating chocolate increases the likelihood of heart disease do not believe it.
D.There are people who currently eat as much chocolate as they want because they have not heard that eating chocolate increases the likelihood of getting heart diseases.
E.There are people who currently limit their consumption of chocolate only because they believe that eating chocolate incerases the likelihood of getting heart disease.
正确答案是B可我觉得应选D
107.Geoge bernard Shaw wrote:"That any sane nation,having obsered that you could provide for the supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary interest in baking for you, should go on to give a surgeon a pecunaty interest in cutting off you leg is enough to make one despair of political humanity."
Shaw's statement would best serveas an illustration in an argument criticizing which of the following?
A.Dentists who perform unnecessary dental work in oder to earn a profit
B.Docotors who incerase their profits by specializing only in diseases that afect a large percentageof the population
C.Grocers who raise price of food in order to increase their profit margins
D.Oil companies that decrease the price of their oil in oder to increase their market share
E.Bakers and surgeons who earn a profit by supplying other people's basic needs
请问这个肖老先生说的话到底是什么意思？
123.After graduating from high school,people rarely mutiply fractions or discuss ancient Rome,but they are confronted daily with desicions relating to home ecomomics.Yet whereas mathimatics and history are requied courses in high school curriculum,home economics is only an elective,and few students choose to take it.
Which of the following positions would be best supported by the considerations above?
A.If mathimatics and history were not requied courses,few students would choose to take them
B.Whereas home economics would be the most useful subject for people facing the desicions they must make in daily life,often mathimatics and history can also help them face these desicions
C.If it is important to teach high school students subjects that relate to decisions that will confront them in their daily lives,then home economics should be made an important part of the high school curriculum
D.Mathimatics,history, and other courses that are not directly relevant to a person's daily life should not be required part of the high school curriculum
E.Unless high schools put more emphasis on nonacademic subjects like home economics,people graduating from high school will never feel comfortable about makng the desicions that will confront them in their daily lives
答案C，但是C项support 的是什么呢?
A: 74. 我觉得答案应该是E吧。
107.在看到付钱就可以让面包师烤面包给你提供食物后，一个理性的国家因此会认为只要付钱也可以让外科医生锯掉一个人的腿。这样的现实足以让人对它的政治人性感到失望。
123.不是C选项Support题干，而是题干可以Support C。
Q: 请教XDF-CR -section 2-19,20
Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Blood banks will shortly start to screen all donors for NANB hepatitis. Although the new screening tests are estimated to disqualify up to 5 percent of all prospective blood donors, they will still miss two-thirds of donors carrying NANB hepatitis. Therefore, about 10 percent of actual donors will still supply NANB-contaminated blood.
19. The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Donors carrying NANB hepatitis do not, in a large percentage of cases, carry other infections for which reliable screening tests are routinely performed.
(B) Donors carrying NANB hepatitis do not, in a large percentage of cases, develop the disease themselves at any point.
(C) The estimate of the number of donors who would be disqualified by tests for NANB hepatitis is an underestimate.
(D) The incidence of NANB hepatitis is lower among the potential blood donors than it is in the population at large.
(E) The donors who will still supply NANB-contaminated blood will donate blood at the average frequency for all donors.
20. Which of the following inferences about the conse-quences of instituting the new tests is best supported by the passage above?
(A) The incidence of new cases of NANB hepatitis is likely to go up by 10 percent.
(B) Donations made by patients specifically for their own use are likely to become less frequent.
(C) The demand for blood from blood banks is likely to fluctuate more strongly.
(D) The blood supplies available from blood banks are likely to go down.
(E) The number of prospective first-time donors is likely to go up by 5 percent.
19, ans: A, 20, ans: D
19, I choose C, 20, I choose A
这两题题干和选项都很清楚,可是我做错了,而且也不明白这两题思路如何?请问这种数字类的逻辑题有什么好办法吗?
谢谢.
A: the first 用取非的办法，可以导出A是结果
the second 我不清楚你选A的道理，D是显而易见的结果？虽说是数字，但数字只是以另一种方式提出事实，所以还是要根据题干和题支的情况决定使用的方法。
1. The answer C undermines the conclusion, surely can not be an assumption.
2.A is flawed. Instead,we can expect that the incidence in patients who receive blood donation may drop, due to the new screening system.
Because 5 percent of all prospective blood donors will be cleared out for donation, the total available blood supplies have to be down.
数字题，我觉得，一定要想清楚是怎样推出结论的，即：先把数学推导部分搞定。另外：数字是不可以怀疑的。
19. 数学推导可得，about 10 percent of actual donors will still supply NANB-contaminated blood.
答案A表明：有病捐血者不会因为其他原因而被排除在外。即：没有其他可能使这个10%降低，当然就是原题的assumption了。
C underestimated 竟然怀疑数学推导，斯拉斯拉迪油。
Q: 请教XDF-CR2-14
14. A recent survey of all auto accident victims in Dole County found that, of the severely injured drivers and front-seat passengers, 80 percent were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents. This indicates that, by wearing seat belts, drivers and front-seat passengers can greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured if they are in an auto accident.
The conclusion above is not properly drawn unless which of the following is true?
(A) Of all the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey, more than 20 percent were wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
(B)Considerably more than 20 percent of drivers and front-seat passengers in Dole County always wear seat belts when traveling by car.
(C) More drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey than rear-seat passengers were very severely injured.
(D) More than half of the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
(E) Most of the auto accidents reported to police in Dole County do not involve any serious injury.
答案：A。也是有关数字的假设题。我有点晕。不知从何处着手。谢谢。
A: 题干的意思是“全部伤者中重伤号里，80%是不带安全带的。所以如果带安全带，那么会大大减小其事故里被重伤的几率。”实际是找支持的事实，如何找呢？那么必须找到一个事实，来说明只是因为带了安全带而不是别的原因导致了不同的结果。A的意思是“实际不带安全带的人只占了全部伤者的70%多，但却占了重伤者的80%”说明，安全带带与不带还是有差别的。不知是否有帮助。
Q: 请教XDF-CR3-4,18,20
4. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
Sales campaigns aimed at the faltering personal computer market have strongly emphasized ease of use, called user-friendliness. This emphasis is oddly premature and irrelevant in the eyes of most potential buyers, who are trying to address the logically prior issue of whether----
(A) user-friendliness also implies that owners can service their own computers
(B) personal computers cost more the more user-friendly they are
(C) currently available models are user-friendly enough to suit them
(D) the people promoting personal computers use them in their own homes
(E) they have enough sensible uses for a personal computer to justify the expense of buying one
答案:E,我在B/E中犹豫,能否请教B/E的确切意思,他们之间有什么差别吗?谢谢.
18. Teresa: Manned spaceflight does not have a future, since it cannot compete economically with other means of accomplishing the objectives of spaceflight.
Edward: No mode of human transportation has a better record of reliability: two accidents in twenty-five years. Thus manned spaceflight definitely has a positive future.
Which of the following is the best logical evaluation of Edward’s argument as a response to Teresa’s argument?
(A) It cites evidence that, if true, tends to disprove the evidence cited by Teresa in drawing her conclusion.
(B) It indicates a logical gap in the support that Teresa offers for her conclusion.
(C) It raises a consideration that outweighs the argument Teresa makes.
(D) It does not meet Teresa’s point because it assumes that there is no serious impediment to transporting people into space, but this was the issue raised by Teresa.
(E) It fails to respond to Teresa’s argument because it does not address the fundamental issue of whether space activities should have priority over other claims on the national budget.
答案 ,这个纯逻辑题,我排除了A,B,在C,D,E中选择.请教这三个选项的差别.谢谢.
我觉得D不是答案: 因为题干T考虑的是经济考虑,而E考虑的是安全问题.而D中that there is no serious impediment to transporting people into space, but this was the issue raised by Teresa.这在原文T的观点中并没有出现啊,相反地,C,E更有可能是答案.
20. The following proposal to amend the bylaws of an organization was circulated to its members for comment.
When more than one nominee is to be named for an office, prospective nominees must consent to nomination and before giving such consent must be told who the other nominees will be.
Which of the following comments concerning the logic of the proposal is accurate if it cannot be known who the actual nominees are until prospective nominees have given their consent to be nominated?
(A) The proposal would make it possible for each of several nominees for an office to be aware of who all of the other nominees are.
(B) The proposal would widen the choice available to those choosing among the nominees.
(C) If there are several prospective nominees, the proposal would deny the last nominee equal treatment with the first.
(D)The proposal would enable a prospective nominee to withdraw from competition with a specific person without making that withdrawal known.
(E) If there is more than one prospective nominee, the proposal would make it impossible for anyone to become a nominee.
答案:E.这个过程是怎么来的?我做了三遍,都错了.看得我晕晕的.
谢谢.
A: 4.b.个人电脑用户友好性越强，则价格越高。
e.潜在购买者有充分的理由去承担购买电脑的费用。
题干认为用户友好性与潜在购买者考虑的因素无关，因为购买者目前仍处于考虑电脑是否必要的初级阶段。
18.确实有点绕。但相对E,D还是好些。Edward有隐含的可行性假设，但Teresa正是指出其经济上不可行。E 中提到other claims on the national budget,原文并无涉及，事实上other means of accomplishing the objectives of spaceflight并不一定与国家预算有关。C 中outweigh明显不符，25年里才多少次航天飞行，如何与其他运输工具相比。
20.原文指nominee在同意提名前必须知道其他被提名者是否已表示同意。这是一种悖论。如果有两个以上的被提名人，这根本不可能做到。因为彼此的观点都依赖于对方事先的结论。
Q: 请教几道补充材料上的题.谢谢!
286.
when people predict that a certain result will not take place unless a centain action is taken. They believe that they have learned that the prediction is correct when the action is taken and the result occurs. On reflection, however, it often becomes clear that the result admits of more than one interpretation.
Which of the following , if true, best supports the claims above?
A judging the success of an action requires specifying the goal of the action
B judging which action to take after a prediction is made requires knowing about other actions that have been successful in similar past situations.
C learning whether a certain predictive strategy is good requires knowing the result of using that strategy through several trials.
D distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction and ineffective action is often impossible.
E making a successful prediction requires knowing the facts about the context of that prediction.
Key:d.
How to support the passage?
238.
a newly discovered disease is thought to be caused by a certain bacterium. However, recently released data notes that the bacterium thrives in the presence of a certain virus, implying that it is actually the virus that causes the new disease,
which of the following pieces of evidence would most support the data’s implication>
B the virus has been shown to aid the growth of bacterium, a process which often leads to the onset of the disease.
C the virus alone has been observed in many cases of the disease.
The correct answer is c ,but I think b is better.
C only means some occasions,not all of them.but b describes a common condition, so I think b is better,why?
214.
samples from a ceramic vase found at a tomb in sicily prove that the vase was manufactured in Greece. Since the occupant of the tomb died during the reign of a Sicilian ruler tho lived 2700 years ago, the location of the vase indicates that there was trade between Sicily and Greece 2700 years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
B icilian clay that was used in the manufacture of pottery during the ruler’s reign bore little resemblance to Greek clay used to manufacture pottery at that time.
D the vase that was found at the Sicilian tomb was not placed there many generations later by descendants of the occupant of the tomb.
The answer is d, but I think b is also right.
B not+weaken, exclude the possibility that the vase was manufactured in Sicily. So b is also correct, right?
Welcome to discuss,
and thanks a lot!!
A: 1.I am not sure the title is intact.According to D, if we are unable to identify the right or wrong prediction and action, there must be different interpretations consistent with the result.This supports the conclusion that the result admits of more than one interpretation. In my opinion, it is a paraphrase of 事实性加强.
2. B undermines the conclusion. It confirms that the bacterium is a direct reason that results in the disease.As for C, if it could give the argument more strength, whethor the strength is conclusive or not, it surely is a support.
3. B is wrong, because there is not a possibility that the vase was manufactured in Sicily. The fact is clarified in the first sentence. D eliminates an alternative explanation for the finding, and thus is a good assumption.
Q: 请教XDF-CR4-18,19
18. The average age of chief executive officers (CEO’s) in a large sample of companies is 57. The average age of CEO’s in those same companies 20 years ago was approximately eight years younger. On the basis of those data, it can be concluded that CEO’s in general tend to be older now.
Which of the following casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The dates when the CEO’s assumed their current positions have not been specified.
(B) No information is given concerning the average number of years that CEO’s remain in office.
(C) The information is based only on companies that have been operating for at least 20 years.
(D) Only approximate information is given concerning the average age of the CEO’s 20 years ago.
(E) Information concerning the exact number of companies in the sample has not been given.
答案:C,我不明白C为什么说明了absurity?
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
19. Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on
(A) computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
(B) past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
(C) the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
(D) the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes
(E) figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
答案:E,我选了C,为什么错呢?不明白.谢谢.
A: 1.C给出范围,至少已运作20年的公司, 20年前CEO是49岁(57-8),如此人一直当CEO,20年后就是69岁,而当前CEO才57岁,就不能说现在CEO年龄更老.结论不成立.
2.10 percent of cigarette smokers 对一个行业不算多,但对一家公司就很可观,所以公司的做法是对的.
Q: 请教XDF-CR5-11,19,20
11. Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person’s body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
(A) The fever caused by the malarial parasite may resemble the fever caused by flu viruses.
(B) The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.
(C) Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be suppressed with antimalarial medication, can reappear within 120 days after the medication is discontinued.
(D) In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a person’s body than are red blood cells.
(E) In any region infested with malaria-carrying mosquitoes, there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria.
答案,我选C.
19. Recent estimates predict that between 1982 and 1995 the greatest increase in the number of people employed will be in the category of low-paying service occupations. This category, however, will not increase its share of total employment, whereas the category of high-paying service occupations will increase its share.
If the estimates above are accurate, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
(A) In 1982 more people were working in low-paying service occupations than were working in high-paying service occupations.
(B) In 1995 more people will be working in high-paying service occupations than will be working in low-paying service occupations.
(C) Nonservice occupations will account for the same share of total employment in 1995 as in 1982.
(D) Many of the people who were working in low-paying service occupations in 1982 will be working in high-paying service occupations by 1995.
(E) The rate of growth for low-paying service occupations will be greater than the overall rate of employment growth between 1982 and 1995.
答案:A,我不知这个答案怎么来的,能讲讲吗?我选了E.
20. For a local government to outlaw all strikes by its workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor disputes must then be settled by binding arbitration, without any negotiated public-sector labor settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be outlawed only for categories of public-sector workers for whose services no acceptable substitute exists.
The statements above best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Where public-service workers are permitted to strike, contract negotiations with those workers are typically settled without a strike.
(B) Where strikes by all categories of pubic-sector workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for the services provided by any of those workers are available.
(C) Binding arbitration tends to be more advantageous for public-service workers where it is the only available means of settling labor disputes with such workers.
(D) Most categories of public-sector workers have no counterparts in the private sector.
(E) A strike by workers in a local government is unlikely to be settled without help from an arbitrator.
答案:C,C出现了一个绝对化的词 nly,可题干中并没有.
我选E,(E)==>A strike by workers in a local government is likely to be settled with help from an arbitrator.这是题干说的啊?!
谢谢.
A: 11.The conclusion is that any fever developed 120 days later is not due to the malarial parasite. It does not deny the possibilities of other symptoms and thus is consistent with C. The answer D is correct, for it implies a possibility that the mentioned fever may occur.
19. A math question. Hope somebody can make a clear formula here.
20. From the first sentence, all labor disputes in a local goverment must then be settled by binding arbitration.That means the arbitration is the only possible means.Public-service workers are included in the goverment laborers, and of couse are also subject to the arbitration.
(E) Substitutes 'strike' for 'dispute'. Strikes has supposedly been outlawed
A: 19 题 甚 烦 ， 我 的 方 法 是 ：
low(82) represents the number of low-paying occupations in 1982,
total(82) represents the total number of occupations in 1982,
A represents the increase of low-paying occupations,
B represents the increase of high-paying occupations,
low(82)/total(82)=[low(82)+A]/total(95)
high(82)/total(82)<[high(82)+B]/total(95)
at last, the result become: high(82)therefore high(82)should anybody have better solution, please don't hesitate to tell us.
Q: 请教XDF-CR7-10,11
10,10. Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country’s ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country’s standard of living.
If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a country’s ability to be competitive is its ability to
(A) balance its trade while its standard of living rises
(B) balance its trade while its standard of living falls
(C) increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises
(D) decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls
(E) keep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise.
答案:A, 请问这个归纳题的思路如何,是怎么得出的?
11.Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious air by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs’ airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust.
Which of the following, if true, points to the most serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above?
(A) Researchers do not yet know how the body produces the messenger molecules that trigger asthma attacks.
(B) Researchers do not yet know what makes one person’s messenger molecules more easily activated than another’s.
(C) Such a medication would not become available for several years, because of long lead times in both development and manufacture.
(D) Such a medication would be unable to distinguish between messages triggered by pollen and household dust and messages triggered by noxious air.
(E) Such a medication would be a preventative only and would be unable to alleviate an asthma attack once it had started.
答案, 请问D是怎么削弱的?
谢谢.
A: 10, 因 为 'Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade'不 能 ‘establishes a country’s ability to compete in the international marketplace’， 而 ‘Both are required‘ ， 因 此 只 要 在 答 案 中 找 符 合 Both的 即 可 。
11， 如 (D)所 说 ， 本 来 muscle cells encircling the lungs’ airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs是 一 种 对 noxious air 的 保 护 性 措 施 ， 缺 点 是 有 可 能 由 於 messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily发 生 不 必 要 的 防 御 措 施， 导 致 asthma attack occurs。 而 该 medication无 法 分 辨 pollen and household dust和 noxious air的 话 ， 将 抑 制 所 有 的 保 护 性 措 施 ， 那 么 如 果 真 遇 到 noxious air ， 此 人 岂 不 是 要 死 翘 翘 了 。 所 以 这 种 不 管 青 红 皂 白 就 抑 制 此 保 护 性 措 施 的 药 是 不 可 取 的 。
Q: 请教XDF-CR6-20
20. Seven countries signed a treaty binding each of them to perform specified actions on a certain fixed date, with the actions of each conditional on simultaneous action taken by the other countries. Each country was also to notify the six other countries when it had completed its action.
The simultaneous-action provision of the treaty leaves open the possibility that
(A) the compliance date was subject to postponement, according to the terms of the treaty
(B) one of the countries might not be required to make any changes or take any steps in order to comply with the treaty, whereas all the other countries are so required.
(C) each country might have a well-founded excuse, based on the provision, for its own lack of compliance
(D) the treaty specified that the signal for one of the countries to initiate action was notification by the other countries that they had completed action
(E) there was ambiguity with respect to the date after which all actions contemplated in the treaty are to be complete.
答案:C
这个纯逻辑题,我是一点思路也没有.
能否讲讲,谢谢.
A: 如果约定的前提条件是七国同时行动，那么有可能谁都不动手，而把原因归咎为别人没有行动。这样可能整个行动都泡汤了。
Q: hexin,谢谢你，我明白了。
请问这种纯逻辑题，我经常觉得象是脑筋急转弯，一时间怎么也想不明白，有什么好办法能解决吗？
谢谢。
BTW，另外，A为什么不是答案呢？
A:
协议并没有规定这样的规定：if the action haven't been done on a certain fixed date,then the compliance date was subject to postponement.
so A is wrong.
另外：我认为这道题是循环论证的错误。所得结论建立在一个未经证实的假设上，此假设又以该结论互为假设。
===>A:the compliance date was subject to postponement, according to the terms of the treaty
循环论证是A==》B，而B==》A，这题可能是循环论证。
Q: 请教XDF-CR8-12
12. When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.
Which of the following challenges indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above?
(A) Why does the part that replies not answer, “Yes”?
(B) Why are the observed facts in need of any special explanation?
(C) Why do the subjects appear to accept the hypnotist’s suggestion that they are deaf?
(D) Why do hypnotized subjects all respond the same way in the situation described?
(E) Why are the separate parts of the self the same for all subjects?
答案：A，这题我有点糊涂了，不明白怎么做。能否讲讲。谢谢。
A: theorists的解释说the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts，那么被催眠的人的所有器官都成为孤立的，没有任何内在的联系。聋的部份(耳朵)，回答的部份(嘴)。。。如果是这样，嘴的回答就应该是随机的，则应有时回答“Yes”。而实验证明嘴每次都回答的是“No.” ，这说明在the part that is deaf 和the part that replies间必然有一种内在的联系。(A)对theorists的解释提出了很好的质疑，从而起到削弱的作用。
迷惑选项(D)，但(D) 中hypnotized subjects没有(A) 中the part that replies更切题。(A) 最佳。
Q: [讨论]补充材料225，233
请大家帮着看看这两道题：
no.225: (aquarium就是mindfree的照片背景所在地 )
in the united states, vacationers account for more than half of all visitors to what are technically called "pure aquariums" but for fewer than one quarter of all visitors to zoos, which usually include a "zoo aquarium" of relatively modest scope.
which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the difference described above between visitors to zoos and visitors to pure aquariums?
(a) in cities that have both a zoo and a pure aquarium, local residents are twice as likely to visit the aquarium as they are to visit the zoo
(b) virtually all large metropolitan areas have zoos, whereas only a few large metropolitan areas have pure aquariums.
(c) over the last ten years, newly constructed pure aquariums have outnumbered newly established zoos by a factor of two to one.
(d) people who visit a zoo in a given year are two times more likely to visit a pure aquarium that year than are people who do not visit a zoo.
(e) the zoo aquariums of zoos that are in the same city as a pure aquarium tend to be smaller than the aquariums of zoos that have no pure aquarium nearby.
no.233
whenever a major airplane accident occurs, there is a dramatic increase in the number of airplane mishaps reported, a phenomenon that may last for as long as a few months after the accident. airline officials assert that the publicity given the gruesomeness of major airplane accidents focuses media attention on the airline industry and the increase in the number of reported accidents is caused by an increase in the number of news sources covering airline accidents, not by an increase in the number of accidents.
which of the following, if true, would seriously weaken the assertions of the airline officials?
(a) the publicity surrounding airline accidents is largely limited to the country in which the crash occurred.
(b) airline accidents tend to occur far more often during certain peak travel months.
(c) news organizations do not have any guidelines to help them decide how severe of how close an accident must be for it to receive coverage.
(d) airplane accidents receive coverage by news sources only when the news sources find it advantageous to do so.
(e) studies by government regulators show that the number of airplane flight miles remains relatively constant from month to month.
A: 呵, 我的背景可不是aquarium, 记得有个朋友看到这张照片就知道是在哪里拍的. 公园门口的蓝色海豚, 好像还挺有名的..
言归正传:
1. B 我感觉关键在vacationers. ETS要求common sense, 这题也许是典型. From B, you know that PA is rarer than zoo and vacationers will be more likely to visit a zoo when paying a visit to a Metropolitan area. At the same time, if they want to go to a zoo, it is more likely that there is one locally, if they live in a metro area. So it is safe to presume that most of the vacationers from the metro area are not likely to visit a zoo when they go to another metro area, as they can do it locally.
其它答案可以用排除法.
2. B 原文认为增加的accident报道是由于很多媒体被major accident吸引, 而不是因为实际的accident增加. Assumption是实际失事并没有增加. B, if true, 否认了这个假设.
其它选项可用排除法.
A: 我来补充一下233：
此题说报道的accidents 增加是由于新闻更加关注accidents,而不是真正发生的accidents 的增加。
A 肯定是无关的。
C 我感觉象是加强，说的新闻杂志没有一定的规则来确定如何更好的,更加准确的（大约是这个意思）报道这些accidents.
D,E是无关的。比如说，E谈论到airplane flight miles 的问题，根本与结论是没有什么关系的。
我的逻辑不怎么好，不知道我说没说清楚？
Q: 请教XDF-CR9-2,18,19
Companies O and P each have the same number of employees who work the same number of hours per week. According to records maintained by each company, the employees of Company O had fewer job-related accidents last year than did the employees of Company P. Therefore, employees of Company O are less likely to have job-related accidents than are employees of Company P.
2. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
(A) The employees of Company P lost more time at work due to job-related accidents than did the employees of Company O.
(B) Company P considered more types of accidents to be job-related than did Company O.
(C) The employees of Company P were sick more often than were the employees of Company O.
(D) Several employees of Company O each had more than one job-related accident.
(E) The majority of job-related accidents at Company O involved a single machine.
答案:B,我选了D.请问B是怎么削弱的呢?
18. Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.
The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.
答案:A,这题看得我有点糊涂了.
19. In 1987 sinusitis was the most common chronic medical condition in the United States, followed by arthritis and high blood pressure, in that order.
The incidence rates for both arthritis and high blood pressure increase with age, but the incidence rate for sinusitis is the same for people of all ages.
The average age of the United States population will increase between 1987 and 2000.
Which of the following conclusions can be most properly drawn about chronic medical conditions in the United States from the information given above?
(A) Sinusitis will be more common than either arthritis or high blood pressure in 2000.
(B) Arthritis will be the most common chronic medical condition in 2000.
(C) The average age of people suffering from sinusitis will increase between 1987 and 2000.
(D) Fewer people will suffer from sinusitis in 2000 than suffered from it in 1987.
(E) A majority of the population will suffer from at least one of the medical conditions mentioned above by the year 2000.
答案:C
这题我是用排除法得到了的答案.若是正面做,是怎么得出的呢>
A: 我用有关无关分析一遍试试：
A:无关，没有这个比较点。
B:有关，和事故的发生有关。
C：无关，原因同A
D：有关
E：无关
但是，b是求异，d 是求同。Several employees of Company O each had more than one job-related accident.说明大部分的员工还是只有than one job-related accident.
2、
A:有关
B:没有比较点。无关
C:有关和原文说的是反的
D:两可，无关
E:有关和原文说的是反的 so,a;a 其实是排除他因
3、这个归纳就叫那些大牛牛们来解释吧，我可能解释得不好！！！
A: D的问题在于它对结论无任何影响. 比较的是accidents, 不是number of employees who got accidents.
B对是因为P对job-related的定义相对O要广, 基于结论的依据是两公司各自的record, 言下之意为如果O使用P的定义, 其accidents的数量要比现在多, 所以B削弱.
18T. diet-->lost weigh while maintaining M rate -->regain weigh 意思是diet能控制体重. A取非原结论不成立.
Q: 请教XDF-CR10-10,15
10. Any tax relief received by the solar industry would
not benefit the homeowner who installs a solar-
energy system. Even though homeowners would pay
a lower price for solar-energy system installations
because of this tax relief, with the government
paying the balance, government revenues come from
the public.
The argument above is based on which of the
following assumptions?
(A) The tax relief would cause the homeowner to
lose, through taxes or reduced government
benefits or both, an amount at least equal to
the reduction in the price of that home-
owner's solar-energy system installation.
(B) The tax relief that would be received by solar-
energy industries would not be offered at the
same time as any tax relief for other indus-
tries.
(C) Advertisements of the solar-energy industry, by
failing to identify the source of government
revenues explicitly to the public, mask the
advantage the industry receives from the
public.
(D) Homeowners generally believe that they benefit
from any tax relief offered to the solar-energy
industry.
(E) Tax relief would encourage solar industries to
sell solar-energy systems at higher prices.
答案:A,我是用排除法得到的,请问正面解该如何考虑呢?
15. In Argonia the average rate drivers pay for car acci-
dent insurance is regulated to allow insurance
companies to make a reasonable profit. Under the
regulations, the rate any individual driver pays never
depends on the actual distance driven by that driver
each year. Therefore, Argonians who drive less than
average partially subsidize the insurance of those
who drive more than average.
The conclusion above would be properly drawn if it
were also true that in Argonia
(A) the average accident insurance rate for all driv-
ers rises whenever a substantial number of
new drivers buy insurance
(B) the average cost to insurance companies of
insuring drivers who drive less than the
annual average is less than the average cost
of insuring drivers who drive more than the
annual average
(C) the lower the age of a driver, the higher the
insurance rate paid by that driver
(D) insurance company profits would rise substan-
tially if drivers were classified in terms of the
actual number of miles they drive each year
(E) drivers who have caused insurance companies
to pay costly claims generally pay insurance
rates that are equal to or lower than those
paid by other drivers
答案:B,我选E,E对, 请问B是什么意思?没看懂.
A: 1. 羊毛出在羊身上. 在美国tax是个很敏感的问题. Government revenue comes largely from corporate and individual taxes. 不明白为什么美国人明知道要自己pay the bill for the war还那么热心打Iraq. Anyway, tax relief means reduction in corporate taxes for solar industry, and it might mean that the government is using the fund originally available to benefit homeowners to subsidize the industry. 所以一方面homeowner获得了减价(pros), 一方面tax relief可能导致他们其它利益的减少(cons). 既然结论是总体上不benefit homeowner, 必然是cons outweigh pros. 既答案A.
A很明显, 说明了三方的利益关系. 其它选项都不全面或无关.
2. 保费和mileage无关, 既然说开车少(below average mileage)的保险费subsidize开车多的, 说明实际成本开车少的要低于开车多的. 举例, 如果说咱俩去吃buffet, 我们付一样多的钱, 结论是我赚的弥补了你亏的,为什么?应该是我吃的比你多.
饿了, 举完此例更饿.
Q: 不好意思，第10题，我还是不明白，能否说得详细一点？
15，B是什么意思啊？
B、E有什么区别吗？
A: 15T B取非原结论不成立. E对原文无任何影响, 因为没有涉及原文提到的两种人, 也没有将这四种人一一对应.
10T 你再想想. 比如说一个人赚了便宜, 但是其他人说他还是吃亏了. 为什么? 必然是在其它方面的亏outweigh赚到的便宜. 再举例: 说一个人一个小时挣100美金, 表面上是很赚, 但是别人都说他亏了. 为什么? 一定是他所付出的大于100美金. 回到此例, 政府给tax relief, 少收税, 它可能需要从其它方面把少的税补上 (增加其他taxpayer包括homeowner的负担), 或是减少政府支出(少修几条高速公路,减少教育投入, 减少给homeowner的补贴等). 所以表面上homeowner可能少付了钱,但是在其它方面的损失可能要更大. A
Q: 请教XDF－CR11－16,20
16. George Bernard Shaw wrote: “ That any sane
nation, having observed that you could provide for
the supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary
interest in baking for you, should go on to give a
surgeon a pecuniary interest in cutting off your leg is
enough to make one despair of political humanity.”
Shaw’s statement would best serve as an illustration
in an argument criticizing which of the following?
(A) Dentists who perform unnecessary dental work
in order to earn a profit
(B) Doctors who increase their profits by specializ-
ing only in diseases that affect a large per-
centage of the population
(C) Grocers who raise the price of food in order to
increase their profit margins
(D) Oil companies that decrease the price of their
oil in order to increase their market share
(E) Bakers and surgeons who earn a profit by sup-
plying other peoples’ basic needs
这题目是讲什么意思啊？我完全晕了。意思不明白，也不明白思路如何。
20. Despite the approach of winter, oil prices to ndus-
trial customers are exceptionally low this year and
likely to remain so. Therefore, unless the winter is
especially severe, the price of natural gas to ndus-
trial customers is also likely to remain low.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most
support for the conclusion above?
(A) Long-term weather forecasts predict a mild winter.
(B) The industrial users who consume most natural
gas can quickly and cheaply switch to using
oil instead.
(C) The largest sources of supply for both oil and
natural gas are in subtropical regions unlikely
to be affected by winter weather.
(D) The fuel requirements of industrial users of nat-
ural gas are not seriously affected by the
weather.
(E) Oil distribution is more likely to be affected by
severe winter weather than is the distribution
of natural gas.
答案：B，我选E，不明白思路如何？
Unless the winter isespecially severe, the price of natural gas to ndus-
trial customers is also likely to remain low 能否翻译一下确切意思？
A: 国家允许外科医生通过切除手术获取利润，这个事实本身并没有问题，但作者却认为足以使人对政治性的人道感到绝望，说明针对的是一种非正常的情况。A就是一个极端的例子。
2.〉unless the winter isespecially severe, the price of natural gas to indus-
trial customers is also likely to remain low。
除非冬天特别严寒，天然气价格也可能保持较低。题干从油价跳到天然气，肯定这二者有关联。B提供解释性的加强，说明两者价格可相互影响。E必错， 因为severe winter weather 的情况已经在结论中排除，是无关选项。
T2中，B提供的解释怎么就加强结论了呢？
A: B means that the industrial users do not have to spend a high extra fee to switch between different fuels.So, when the oil price is low, it is lucrative for them to use oil, and thus the damand for gas would remain low
Q: 请教XDF－CR11－6,10
6. F: We ought not to test the safety of new drugs on
sentient animals, such as dogs and rabbits. Our
benefit means their pain, and they are equal to
us in the capacity to feel pain.
G: We must carry out such tests; otherwise, we
would irresponsibly sacrifice the human lives
that could have been saved by the drugs.
Which of the following, if true, is the best objection
that could be made from F's point of view to coun-
ter G's point?
(A) Even though it is not necessary for people to
use cosmetics, cosmetics are also being tested
on sentient animals.
(B) Medical science already has at its disposal a
great number of drugs and other treatments
for serious illnesses.
(C) It is not possible to obtain scientifically ade-
quate results by testing drugs in the test tube,
without making tests on living tissue.
(D) Some of the drugs to be tested would save
human beings from great pain.
(E) Many tests now performed on sentient animals
can be performed equally well on fertilized
chicken eggs that are at a very early stage of
development.
请问Which of the following, if true, is the best objection
that could be made from F's point of view to coun-
ter G's point?是什么意思？
答案：E，我选C
An annually conducted, nationwide survey shows a
continuing marked decline in the use of illegal drugs by
high school seniors over the last three years.
10. Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on
the relevance of the survey results described above
for drawing conclusions about illegal drug use in the
teen-age population as a whole?
(A) Because of cuts in funding, no survey of illegal
drug use by high school seniors will be
conducted next year.
(B) The decline uncovered in the survey has occurred
despite the decreasing cost of illegal drugs.
(C) Illegal drug use by teen-agers is highest in those
areas of the country where teen-agers are least
likely to stay in high school for their senior year.
(D) Survey participants are more likely now than
they were three years ago to describe as
"heroic" people who were addicted to illegal drugs and have been able to quit.
(E) The proportion of high school seniors who say
that they strongly disapprove of illegal drug
use has declined over the last three years.
答案答案：C，我用排除法做的，请问C是怎么削弱的呢？
A: 1.>Which of the following, if true, is the best objection that could be made from F's point of view to counter G's point?立足于F的观点，求对G观点的反驳。即支持F，反对G.
Answer C is a support of G's view.
2. C means that senior students' behaviors can nor represent those of teen-ages, and thus the decline in senior students may not happen to the majority of teen-ages.
Q: 请教XDF-CR12-2,16
2. Consumer income reports produced by the govern-
ment distinguish between households and families by
means of the following definition: "A family is a
household containing a householder and at least one
person related to the householder." Except for the
homeless and people in group living quarters, most
people live in households.
According to the definition above, which of the
following must be true?
(A) All householders are members of families.
(B) All families include a householder.
(C) All of the people related to a householder form
a family.
(D) Some people residing in group living quarters
are members of families.
(E) Some homeless people reside in group living
quarters.
答案:B,我选A,A为什么不对呢?请问做这种题有什么好的思路吗?
如果B:Each family includes a householder.那就是答案,可是B说的是all,是不是英文中的意思是完全一样的呢?
16. In a study of the effect of color on productivity,
50 of 100 factory workers were moved from their
drab workroom to a brightly colored workroom.
Both these workers and the 50 who remained in the
drab workroom increased their productivity, proba-
bly as a result of the interest taken by researchers in
the work of both groups during the study.
Which of the following, if true, would cast most
doubt upon the author's interpretation of the study
results given above?
(A) The 50 workers moved to the brightly colored
room performed precisely the same manufac-
turing task as the workers who remained in
the drab workroom.
(B) The drab workroom was designed to provide
adequate space for at most 65 workers.
(C) The 50 workers who moved to the brightly
colored workroom were matched as closely
as possible in age and level of training to the
50 workers who remained in the drab work-room.
(D) Nearly all the workers in both groups had
volunteered to move to the brightly colored
workroom.
(E) Many of the workers who moved to the
brightly colored workroom reported that
they liked the drab workroom as well as or
better than they liked the brightly colored
workroom.
答案:B,我简明直想不明白为什么B会是削弱?
A: 1.A错是因为超出了范围, family范围大于the household with a householder, family至少2人，householder+1,关键是读懂描述的关系。
2.B削弱是给出他因，指出100人在原来容纳65人的空间工作，效率自然就低，分出50人后，两边的人因空间大效率提高了。
请大家补充。
2,family=a householder+at least one person
===>A:All householders are members of families
A is correct.
a household with the householder only
a family with a householder and someone else
这两个并不相等，前者the householder只能说是the member of a household, 不能是the member of a family
请大家补充
A: 1. B 原文指出family(A)是有一个householder并加上至少一个与其有亲属关系的人(B). 由此可以推断出a. 如果只有一个householder, 那就不是family. 逻辑关系为A--B ==> 非B-->非A. 所以选项A错. 原逻辑关系中有两个必要条件: B1. householder B2. at least one person related to the householder. 所以 A--> B1 and B2. 因此B选项正确.
2. weaken题目很典型的一种是"其它原因造成". 此题中, 原文逻辑为:
premises: increased productivity in both the 50 workers in brightly colored room and the 50 workers remaining in the drab colored room, compared to 100 workers in the drab...
conclusion: brightly color help improve productivity
如果其他原因能够解释, 则此结论不成立. B说明原来的房间本来就不适合100人. 只适用最多65人工作. 言下之意为:100人在里面工作效果要低于65人以下. 分出50人, 无论是否在birghtly-colored房间里, 都会提高productivity.
此题还可以变为assumption. 则答案为:不是因为原来的房间不够大造成生产率低下.
还要注意原文指出两批50个工人的productivity都提高. 如果没有此条件, 或条件为50 workers in brightly-colored showed improved productivity when compared to 50 workers in the drab .. 则不能推出B.
Q: MINDFREE，非常感谢。你解答得真好。真的。
BTW，
1。A中逻辑关系为A--B ==> B-->A.应该是这样的吧？
B中， A--> B1 and B2. 因此B选项正确. 完全同意。
2。the interest taken by researchers in the work of both groups during the study.
===>Both these workers and the 50 who remained in the
drab workroom increased their productivity， 对吗？
而不是brightly color help improve productivity，对吗？
你对这个他因的解释非常清楚。还有这题的其它变法，讲得明了。非常感谢。
A: 首先不要客气.
1. 你的理解是对的. 但是有一点要注意. 此题是一道范围题. 如果按逻辑充分必要条件来考虑, 不如用图表和集合直接.
2. 对.
Q: 请教XDF-CR12-14,19
14. The most important aspect of moviemaking is
conveying a scene's rhythm. Conveying rhythm
depends less on the artistic quality of the individual
photographic images than on how the shots go together
and the order in which they highlight different aspects of the action taking place in front of the camera.
If the statements above are true, which of the
following must be true on the basis of them?
(A) The artistic quality of the individual photo-
graphic image is unimportant in movie
photography.
(B) Photographers known for the superb artistic
quality of their photographs are seldom effec-
tive as moviemakers.
(C) Having the ability to produce photographs of
superb artistic quality does not in itself guar-
antee having the ability to be a good
moviemaker.
(D) Movie photographers who are good at their
jobs rarely give serious thought to the artistic
quality of the photographs they take.
(E) To convey a scene's rhythm effectively, a
moviemaker must highlight many different
aspects of the action taking place.
答案：C，C是原命题的逆否命题，可是E也对，是不是E提出了一个effetively，这个题干琐有的概念呢？
19. Most geologists believe oil results from chemical
transformations of hydrocarbons derived from
organisms buried under ancient seas. Suppose,
instead, that oil actually results from bacterial action
on other complex hydrocarbons that are trapped
within the Earth. As is well known, the volume of
these hydrocarbons exceeds that of buried organ-
isms. Therefore, our oil reserves would be greater
than most geologists believe.
Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest
support to the argument above about our oil
reserves?
(A) Most geologists think optimistically about the
Earth's reserves of oil.
(B) Most geologists have performed accurate chem-
ical analyses on previously discovered oil
reserves.
(C) Ancient seas are buried within the Earth at
many places where fossils are abundant.
(D) The only bacteria yet found in oil reserves could
have leaked down drill holes from surface
contaminants.
(E) Chemical transformations reduce the volume of
buried hydrocarbons derived from organisms
by roughly the same proportion as bacterial
action reduces the volume of other complex
hydrocarbons.
答案：E， 我用排除法做的，请问E是如何加强的呢？
A: 1. 有点tricky. 我在读完C时知道是正确答案, 读了E有想了想, 发现E是错的. E迷惑性在于它还有原文的关键词和短句"highlight many different aspects of the action taking place". 但是ETS用了偷换概念的方法来迷惑我们. 原文说depends less on ... than ... and the ORDER IN WHICH they highlight different aspects of the action taking place." 既highlight different aspects的order是重要的, 而不是highlight本身是重要的.
2. 很多逻辑题实际是数学题, 可能是概念性, 可能是计算. 概念性的题目通常是rate和总量, 计算通常是proportion. 读完此题, 你要意识到它是两个量在比较, 和数量, 或和量有关. 所以答案很可能是含有数量或量概念的选项. 原文说chemical transformation产生石油. 但如果是bacteria作用, 现在的石油量会更多, 原因是bacteria作用的原料量大于chamical transformation (CT)的量. E的意思是CT和B生成石油的过程中原料的消耗比例相同. 加强. 因为如果两个量, 如果A>B, 两边同时减少同一比例, 不等号方向不变 (1-r%)A>(1-r%)B.
另外, E不是assumption. 因为取非原结论也可能正确. 这就是含有数学概念的逻辑题目与其它题目不同之处. 即使B消耗量大于CT消耗量, 剩余量还可能是(1-r%)A>(1-0.5r%)B. 取决于A,B的值.
Q: 请教XDF-CR10-18,19
18. There are fundamentally two possible changes in an
economy that will each cause inflation unless other
compensating changes also occur. There changes are
either reductions in the supply of goods and services
or increases in demand. In a prebanking economy
the quantity of money available, and hence the level
of demand, is equivalent to the quantity of gold
available.
If the statements above are true, then it is also true
that in a prebanking economy
(A) any inflation is the result of reductions in the
supply of goods and services
(B) if other factors in the economy are unchanged,
increasing the quantity of gold available will
lead to inflation
(C) if there is a reduction in the quantity of gold
available, then, other things being equal,
inflation must result
(D) the quantity of goods and services purchasable
by a given amount of gold is constant
(E) whatever changes in demand occur, there will
be compensating changes in the supply of
goods and services
答案:B,我选C,请教这种题目该怎么做,求思路.
19. Industrialists from the country Distopia were
accused of promoting the Distopian intervention in
the Arcadian civil war merely to insure that the
industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia made substantial
profits during the war. Yet this cannot be the motive
since, as the Distopians foresaw, Distopia’s federal
expenses for the intervention were eight billion
dollars, whereas, during the war, profits from the
Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia totaled
only four billion dollars.
Which of the following, if true, exposes a serious
flaw in the argument made in the second sentence
above?
(A) During the Arcadian war, many Distopian
industrialists with facilities located in Arcadia
experienced a significant rise in productivity
in their facilities located in Distopia
(B) The largest proportion of Distopia’s federal
expenses is borne by those who receive no
significant industrial profits.
(C) Most Distopian industrialists’ facilities located
in Arcadia are expected to maintain the level
of profits they achieved during the war.
(D) Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia
made substantial profits before the events
that triggered the civil war.
(E) Many Distopians expressed concern over the
suffering that Arcadians underwent during
the civil war.
答案:B,我选A,请教解题思路.
A:因果关系. lead to, if..., ... 看到这些词就要找因果. two changes(A), without compensating changes, will lead to inflation(B). A-->B 下面解释了两个changes分别是A1和A2. 又说A2在prebanking economy是supply of gold. 到此你应该找到因果关系: A2-->B, 既答案.
A: 18. 题目：
1、在没有compensating changes的情况下，reductions in the supply 或 increases in demand 都可以导致inflation。
2、在prebanking economy，demand=gold available。
要求结论：
看b:
1、if other factors in the economy are unchanged：等同于条件1中的“在没有compensating changes的情况下(unless other compensating changes also occur)”
2、 increasing the quantity of gold available will lead to inflation：由条件2，increased gold = increased demand，结合条件1， increased demand可以导致inflation
看c:
if there is a reduction in the quantity of gold available, then, other things being equal, inflation must result.（和结论正好相反）
19. yet this cannot be the motive since, as the distopians foresaw, distopia's federal expenses for the intervention were eight billion dollars, whereas, during the war, profits from the distopian industrialists’ facilities in arcadia totaled only four billion dollars.
a.productivity rise可以推导出存在利润,但与题目不矛盾(four billion dollars).
b.指出8 billion and 4 billion不可以比较,因为8 billion是由federal出,与distopian industrialists无关,而distopian industrialists赚了4 billion,因此可能存在promoting the distopian intervention in the arcadian civil war merely to insure that the industrialists' facilities in arcadia made substantial profits during the war这种动机.
A: 19. B.指出8 billion and 4 billion不可以比较,因为8 billion是由federal出,与distopian industrialists无关,而distopian industrialists赚了4 billion,因此可能存在promoting the distopian intervention in the arcadian civil war merely to insure that the industrialists' facilities in arcadia made substantial profits during the war这种动机.
the largest proportion of distopia's federal expenses is borne by those who receive no significant industrial profits.
怎么推出8 billion and 4 billion不可以比较,因为8 billion是由federal出,与distopian industrialists无关？
A: 19. 通俗点讲：
xxx指控说di(distopian industrialists)为了大发战争财才要求政府干涉a的内战。di争辩说，我又没发财，我在战争中只赚了4billion，而政府用掉了8billion！（意思是我用的比赚的多）
xxx反对说：8billion是政府用掉的，其中大多数是老百姓的钱（“没有得到好处的人的钱”），和你得到的4billion无关，又不是你的成本，怎么能说明你用的比赚的多？
隐含条件：可以赚的战争财越多，其干涉动机就越强。
这样你明白了吗？
Q: anchoret,
我这样理解对不对？
题干说：我又没发财，我在战争中只赚了4billion，而政府用掉了8billion。
B：the largest proportion of distopia's federal expenses is borne by those who receive no significant industrial profits.===>政府花的钱是那些没有工业利润的人赚的。
B直接削弱了证据，所以是削弱。对吗？
谢谢。
A: that's it.
Q: 请教XDF-CR14-7,12
Bank depositors in the United States are all financially
protected against bank failure because the government
insures all individuals' bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more selective, then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money.
7. The economist's argument makes which of the follow-
ing assumptions?
(A) Bank failures are caused when big borrowers
default on loan repayments.
(B) A significant proportion of depositors maintain
accounts at several different banks.
(C) The more a depositor has to deposit, the more
careful he or she tends to be in selecting a
bank.
(D) The difference in the interest rates paid to deposi-
tors by different banks is not a significant
factor in bank failures.
(E) Potential depositors are able to determine which
banks are secure against failure.
答案：E， 我觉得D也是假设， 是属于假设中的排除他因，为什么不是答案呢？
12. Although aspirin has been proven to eliminate moder-
ate fever associated with some illnesses, many doctors
no longer routinely recommend its use for this purpose.
A moderate fever stimulates the activity of the body's
disease-fighting white blood cells and also inhibits the
growth of many strains of disease-causing bacteria.
If the statements above are true, which of the following
conclusions is most strongly supported by them?
(A) Aspirin, an effective painkiller, alleviates the pain
and discomfort of many illnesses.
(B) Aspirin can prolong a patient's illness by eliminat-
ing moderate fever helpful in fighting some
diseases.
(C) Aspirin inhibits the growth of white blood cells,
which are necessary for fighting some illnesses.
(D) The more white blood cells a patient's body
produces, the less severe the patient's illness
will be.
(E) The focus of modern medicine is on inhibiting the
growth of disease-causing bacteria within the
body.
答案：B，我觉得B，C都对。
A: 1、D本身引入了新的信息，超出了题目给定的范畴，而且它的成立与否都不能支持或否定题目中的结论，因为文中是partly。
2、C说的是抑制了白细胞的生长，这与文中的说法不符，文中是讲，使白细胞未能被发烧所激活，而没说抑制了白细胞的生长。
A: 完全同意Cranberry的意见.
1. CR阅读要仔细, 不能漏掉细节, 虽然partly只是个副词
2. CR阅读过程中要对概念和名词敏感. 不同的概念就是gap. 如果文中没有填补这个gap, 不能用自己的知识去填补.
Q: 请教XDF-CR14-15,16
Questions 15-16 are based on the following.
Roland: The alarming fact is that 90 percent of the
people in this country now report that they know
someone who is unemployed.
Sharon: But a normal, moderate level of unemployment
is 5 percent, with 1 out of 20 workers unem-
ployed. So at any given time if a person knows
approximately 50 workers, 1 or more will very
likely be unemployed.
15. Sharon's argument is structured to lead to which of
the following as a conclusion?
(A) The fact that 90% of the people know someone
who is unemployed is not an indication that
unemployment is abnormally high.
(B) The current level of unemployment is not moderate.
(C) If at least 5% of workers are unemployed, the
result of questioning a representative group of
people cannot be the percentage Roland cites.
(D) It is unlikely that the people whose statements
Roland cites are giving accurate reports.
(E) If an unemployment figure is given as a certain
percent, the actual percentage of those without
jobs is even higher.
答案：A
两个人对话题的中结论与一个推论中的结论有点不一样，有什么好办法吗？
16. Sharon's argument relies on the assumption that
(A) normal levels of unemployment are rarely
exceeded
(B) unemployment is not normally concentrated in
geographically isolated segments of the population
(C) the number of people who each know someone
who is unemployed is always higher than 90%
of the population
(D) Roland is not consciously distorting the statistics
he presents
(E) knowledge that a personal acquaintance is unem-
ployed generates more fear of losing one's job
than does knowledge of unemployment
statistics
答案：B，我觉得A也是假设，为什么不对呢？
A: 15。没有理解你的问题：不过对这类问题，我也没有什么好办法，我都用排除法作。
16。a不是假设。因为即使a不成立，结论也可以成立。
即使在5%失业率下，结论也能成立，那么在超过5%的情况下当然也同样成立。
A: 15: 好象也只有弄清文中的含义，然后再考虑选项。沙龙的意思就是讲这个数字并不算什么，不一定代表失业率超过了普通水平。
16：A的确是假设，但这个假设本身就有反对的结论性的意味，而且取非后，不影响沙龙的结论。而B是说，失业率不是一个局限在某一个人群部分的比率，这就为沙龙引入失业率适用于文中的场合来分析问题铺平了道路
A: 1. 要理解sharon和roland分别的argument的关系. Roland说90%的人都认识一个失业的人. Sharon说, 一般失业率为5%, 按次比例, 如果一个人认识50个worker,其中有一个就是失业的. 其隐含的意思为:这90%的人都认识很多worker, 所以他们都认识失业的人在正常的失业率情况下也很平常.
2. assumption是必要条件, 取非原结论必然不成立. A没有这样的效果.
你读完文章后应该知道sharon的argument不是说现在的失业率不高, 这不是中心论点. Sharon是要反驳Roland的逻辑. Sharon可能认为现在的失业率是高的, 也可能认为失业率是低的. 所以如果1的选项中有Sharon thinks that the current unemployment rate is low就是错的. 而2中的A和D就都错.
Q: 16,中的A是不是因为有个rarely,不完全否定,也有可能超过,所以取非后不一定能否定结论.
如果改成:normal levels of unemployment are not exceeded
是不是也是假设了?
讲讲好吗?假设的这一点我一直不明白.谢谢.
A: 16. 我个人认为即使改A也不是假设. 因为现在失业率是高是低不是Sharon的出发点. Sharon反驳的是Roland的逻辑,即: 90% people know unemployed-->unemployment rate is high. Sharon完全有可能认为unemployment rate确实很高, 并且有自己的依据. 她只是认为Roland的依据不能推出结论.
你要体会out of scope. 逻辑关系就是链条式的. 你要抓住这些link, 不要理会其它的干扰.
Q: 请教XDF-CR13-1,14
1. Cable-television spokesperson: Subscriptions to
cable television are a bargain in comparison to
"free" television. Remember that "free" televi-
sion is not really free. It is consumers, in the
end, who pay for the costly advertising that
supports "free" television.
Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to
the position of the cable-television spokesperson?
(A) Consumers who do not own television sets are
less likely to be influenced in their purchasing
decisions by television advertising than are
consumers who own television sets.
(B) Subscriptions to cable television include access
to some public-television channels, which do
not accept advertising.
(C) For locations with poor television reception, cable
television provides picture quality superior to
that provided by free television.
(D) There is as much advertising on many cable-
television channels as there is on "free" tele-
vision channels.
(E) Cable-television subscribers can choose which
channels they wish to receive, and the fees
vary accordingly.
答案：D，我不明白D为什么是削弱？
14. Among the more effective kinds of publicity that
publishers can get for a new book is to have excerpts
of it published in a high-circulation magazine soon
before the book is published. The benefits of such
excerption include not only a sure increase in sales
but also a fee paid by the magazine to the book's publisher.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported
by the information above?
(A) The number of people for whom seeing an
excerpt of a book in a magazine provides an
adequate substitute for reading the whole
book is smaller than the number for whom
the excerpt stimulates a desire to read the book.
(B) Because the financial advantage of excerpting a
new book in a magazine usually accrues to
the book's publisher, magazine editors are
unwilling to publish excerpts from new books.
(C) In calculating the total number of copies that a book
has sold, publishers include sales of copies of
magazines that featured an excerpt of the book.
(D) The effectiveness of having excerpts of a book
published in a magazine, measured in terms
of increased sales of a book, is proportional
to the circulation of the magazine in which
the excerpts are published.
(E) Books that are suitable for excerpting in high-
circulation magazines sell more copies than
books that are not suitable for excerpting.
答案：A
请问怎么得来的呢？这种归纳的结论题有什么好办法吗？
A: 第一题：有线电视的发言人说，公共电视并不是免费的，那些广告支持的电视实际是观众买单了。D的意思是说，有线电视也充斥着广告，所以发言人关于免费的公共电视是靠广告支撑的而有线电视收费的辩解就显得无力了，你既收费又卖广告，呵呵，所以是销弱。
第二题：A的意思是原本想买来读的，看了缩写后，觉得不想读了的人一定比那些原本没想读，看了缩写后想读的人少，这就是表明，缩写本带来的读者比减少的读者多，这就是文中销量增加的注释呀！
A: 我试试把我的解题思路讲一讲.
1. 读问题, 知道是weaken类型. 并且是weaken cable provider (因为有时原文有两种意见,所以要清楚是weaken哪个观点或理论).
读原文. 第一句(A), 读完知道是应该是一个结论. 有时会有两个以上的结论, 分为sub-conclusion和conclusion. sub-cobclusion都应该服务于final conclusion. Premises和assumption可以分别支持sub-conclusion和conclusion. (我说得很啰唆, 在做题是一般不用去区分sub和final, 读懂题自然就知道了)
读完第二句 (B), 知道这也是一个conclusion, 或是sub-conclusion. 意思上明显是支持第一句.
读完第三句 (C), 知道是一个premise, 支持第二句.
这样, 读完原文就知道其逻辑推理过程: consumers pay for advertising (C) --> free TV not cheap (B) --> cable is a bargain (A). 还要知道所牵涉的事物: advertising, TV, cable, COST
weaken题型有很多类型, 可以否定原文的依据, 如:没有或有不多advertising, 或advertising已经不costly, 或者不是consumers pay for advertising. 这种题都是直接针对premises, 否认其真实性或可靠性, 其它的例子还有否定问卷调查的结果 by questioning the objectivity or representativeness of the survey.
还有一种类型是否定原文的assumption. 例如此题. 如果问题是cable provider的assumption是什么, 答案是? 就是D的一部分: cable service没有同类的consumers要pay for的advertising. 如果这个assumption(必要条件)不成立, 原文结论不成立.
同理, 此题答案也可以是cable service的某一特点约等于free TV的advertising. 也是否定assumption.
2. 这是一道很好的例题. 它的选项有迷惑性在于不止一个选项读上去是正确答案. 实际上, 根据所问问题, A,B,D,E都可能是正确答案. 这也是我认为做CR不能单凭直觉的原因. 因为平时做了很多真题, 看了很多答案, 如果不认真理解对错的原因, 而是凭对正确答案的"脸熟", 此题很可能误选.
此题关键在于问题. 是结论或推论.
首先认真读题: 第一句(A), 可能是结论, 说在high-circulation的杂志上excerpting soon before publishing有效; 第二句是premises: increased sales (B1)和fees paid by M (B2). 所牵涉的事物: books, soon before it is published, high-circulation Mag, icreased sales, fees.
推论题(inference)一般可以用取非来做. 即取非后原结论不成立. A为答案. A的意思是读完摘录的人中, 更想买此书的人数要大与看了摘录就不想买此书的人.取非后, B1不成立, 则结论错.
下面我解释一下其它选项:
B看上去是削弱题(weakean, cast doubt)答案. 但我认为不是. 这正体现了ETS的tricky. 由B本身不能反驳原文的逻辑关系A-->B1 and B2. 既, 即使杂志不情愿刊登, 此逻辑关系依然hold. 如果把原题改动一下, 结论变为:A-->在杂志上刊登摘录是一种很popular的方法, 则Bweaken. 因为杂志不愿意刊登, 所以popular的可能性小.
D是support题型的答案. 和A一样, 含有数学概念, 也极象正确答案. 但是我在以前的回复中讲过, 数学概念稍微复杂一些, A是很绝对的比较,N>M, 而D是间接的比较N=rM. 如果此等式不成立(取非),原结论成立吗? 当然. 如果N=M+p, 结论一样成立. 所以不是inference
E也象正确答案, 但是它是weaken结论:所有书在杂志上excerpt后都卖得一样好. 和原文无关.
还有，做ＣＲ时不要跳跃式阅读，要抓住每个关键的名词，动词，形容词和副词．比如此题中的状语soon before it is published完全可以据此出一题：weaken 答案：人们在临近书发行时看到excerpt就不想买了．
我的建议是:读懂文章，找到相关事物，分析选项．
Q: 请教XDF-CR8-13
The program to control the entry of illegal drugs into the country was a failure in 1987. If the program had been successful, the wholesale price of most illegal drugs would not have dropped substantially in 1987.
13. The argument in the passage depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) The supply of illegal drugs dropped substantially in 1987.
(B) The price paid for most illegal drugs by the average consumer did not drop substantially in 1987.
(C) Domestic production of illegal drugs increased at a higher rate than did the entry of such drugs into the country.
(D) The wholesale price of a few illegal drugs increased substantially in 1987.
(E) A drop in demand for most illegal drugs in 1987 was not the sole cause of the drop in their wholesale price.
ans: E，我不明白E为什么是假设呢？如果取非，也不能否定这个结论啊？？？
A: 排除他因
A: 供求决定价格，如果需求的减少不是导致降价的唯一原因，则一定是供给太多了，那就可以理解了
Q: If the program had been successful, the wholesale price of most illegal drugs would not have dropped substantially in 1987
==>The program to control the entry of illegal drugs into the country was a failure in 1987.
对吗？
如果是这样的话，assumption 应该是对结论的，而不是对论据的，对吗？而答案却是对论据的，是不是有问题？
A: assumption对结论是什么意思? assumption本身是结论的必要条件.
你找到的原文的逻辑关系是正确的. 正如renprince和cranberry所说, 此题是典型的排除它因类型. 如果有其它原因对结论有绝对的影响, 那么原文对program的结论不成立. 简单的例子: .我节食失败了. 因为如果我节食成功, 我就不会更胖了. 这里就忽略了一个问题, 其错误在于: 节食很可能只是减肥的一个必要条件, 而原文把它作为充分条件. 即节食-->减肥==>非减肥-->节食失败. 所以要使原文结论成立, 必须假设节食为充分条件,既没有其它因素对减肥起作用. 如果问weaken, 那可以是体内激素失调造成了更胖, 既节食和极素平衡同为必要条件.
你要记住此类题型, 有了感觉以后根本无须考虑很多, ETS送分给你.
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