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对with结构的小总结,望NN及版主拍砖

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楼主
发表于 2011-8-9 16:40:23 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
被with结构折磨了一天,看了看前人总结的帖子,自己又总结了下。因才疏学浅,发表出来不是高谈论阔,只供大家讨论,并期待各位拍砖,以求完善。

参考资料,主要来自以下几个地方,因不善找官方语法学习网站,且手头并无语法书,所以从baidu文库里挑了一个:
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-69866-1-1.html
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-38595-1-1.html
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-80567-2-1.html
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/a5a0214bc850ad02de804107.html(请大家现行阅览此PPT)

文库那个PPT对我启发较大,但不确定是否完全符合GMAT语法,故请大家批判的看。

至此题外话已完,以下是我的总结:

With结构一共只有两种:
1. with + n. 构成介宾短语
2. with +宾语+宾补 构成with复合结构,即常说的(with + n. + v-ed/ v-ing/ 介宾/ 形容词/ 副词)    注意:在此帖中,其不仅可作独立主格充当状语,此结构其实也可充当定语。

With结构的用法一共也只有两种:做定语修饰前面紧邻名词,或做状语修饰前面整个主句。

在这里,首先要说明一点的是,with结构同所有介宾结构一样,都存在一个摆放位置的问题:即如果一个介宾结构至于主谓宾结构的末尾,会出现不知道介宾结构是做定语还是做状语的可能,从而产生修饰歧义。举例如下:
The boy looked at the soldier on the bus. 此处on the bus不知是修饰look这个动作做状语,抑或是修饰soldier做定语,故错。更改可如下:
1. 状语:On the bus, the boy looked at the soldier. (我不知,如果改成The boy looked at the soldier, on the bus.这样是否还有修饰歧义,但我知道把状语提到句首并用逗号隔开一定没歧义。)

2. 定语:The boy looked at the soldier who was on the bus. / The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. (之所以这么改是因为在此链接中 http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-80567-2-1.html,11楼前辈说到:“如果是作修饰宾语的定语, 好像一般采用分词短语或从句, 很少有独立的介词短语在句末的”,但准确性有待检验。)

此外,若用介宾结构修饰主语,不论是限定性修饰还是非限定性修饰,其都应出现在谓语之前,以消灭接宾结构做状语的可能。(不确定是否完全正确,但貌似是对的。)
1. 限定性修饰: The boy on the bus looked at the soldier.
2. 非限定性修饰:The boy, on the bus, looked at the soldier.


那具体到with的结构:
第一点,不论是简单的with介宾短语,还是with的复合结构,都可跟在名词身后做定语,且可以是限定性修饰,也可是非限定性修饰。
简单with介宾短语做定语举例:
OG10 Q141 B选项:identical twins with the same genetic endowment (OG解释中明确说,这里with是限定性修饰twins)
OG10 Q152 B选项:it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it
OG 10 Q114:From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar (此处with跳跃修饰a canoe,且是非限定修饰)


With复合结构做定语举例:
OG10 Q102 B选项:Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it (这里staging的逻辑发出者是composer,故无问题。这个with结构修饰performance)
OG10 Q229 D选项:likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it(此处,lipstick是被put在statue上,故过去分词put也无异议。整个with结构修饰Greek statue)
She soon arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.


需要再次强调的是,如果with结构本应做定语修饰主句宾语,却至于句末,会有歧义。如OG10 Q212 E选项:
The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve he efficiency of its distribution system.
逻辑上,with the aim… 应修饰policy,但在此其有座状语修饰全句的可能,使得The Baldrick Manufacturing Company成为with的主语。


第二点,不论是简单的with介宾短语,还是with的复合结构,都可跟随句子,做句子的状语。尤其对于with的复合结构,充当状语时相当于是独立主格形式,其自身有逻辑主语。但,此逻辑主语并不一定要与主句主语一致。(此点是我与前辈们最大的分歧,望拍砖。)


简单with介宾结构充当状语:
大全里的一个句子:Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world. (with结构是前一个主系表结构的状语。)



With复合结构充当状语:此时,with复合结构就是独立主格形式。但因其构造【with +宾语+宾补 构成with复合结构,即常说的(with + n. + v-ed/ v-ing/ 介宾/ 形容词/ 副词)】中包含名词(宾语),故只要名词指示清晰,则with独立主格结构并不需要与主句主语逻辑一致。
OG 12 Q29:The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest whenever they were put on show. (with后面的句子充当第一个句子的状语,对主句给出补充,individual bulls and cows是其逻辑主语)

PREP:Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. (arms and legs从逻辑意义上讲一定指代monkeys,此处with运用无问题)

对with复合结构,其本身就是一个独立主格形式。但与独立主格不同的地方即在于,with复合结构可以去充当名词的后置定语,而独立主格结构只能充当句子的状语。
比如我们可以说:He came in the classroom, with his head held down. = He came in the classroom, his head held down.
但对于She soon arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom. 这个with结构,不可能改成独立主格形式。

但无论是特殊的with复合结构,亦或是全体的独立主格结构,其逻辑主语都不需要与主句主语保持一致,即只要with复合结构与主句有紧密逻辑关系即可(比如with结构和主句是伴随关系啊,或者因果关系啊),但一般不要求with结构的逻辑主语一定为主句主语一致。

更多例子还请大家看那个百度文库的PPT,如有不足,楼下尽情拍砖。让我们一起趁早把with结构消灭。
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沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2011-8-9 16:59:55 | 只看该作者
各位版主。。抽空给我的意见吧。T T  我的总结到底对不对。。。

我就是觉得with独立主格任何时候都不需要其主语与主句主语是一样的,要不还要独立主格干什么
板凳
发表于 2011-8-9 17:01:01 | 只看该作者
这两天我也正好在研究with,我还在08prep的查漏帖里问了好长的一个问题。。。所以饶有兴趣的进来看了。
我看到哪回到哪吧。
“2. 定语:The boy looked at the soldier who was on the bus. / The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. ”
lz的意思是/后的The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. 是正确的吗?
请见这里:http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/post18293.html#p18293
ron说:everyone laughed at me accidentally walking into the girls' bathroom --> WRONG. sorry. this sentence would actually mean that everyone laughed at me as they were walking into the girls' bathroom.
恩。继续看~~~
地板
发表于 2011-8-9 17:14:17 | 只看该作者
“大全里的一个句子:Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world. (with结构是前一个主系表结构的状语。)”
这句话里的with应该只是with+n,而我完全相信aeo斑斑在08prep 190中对B说的。Until the passage of the Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act in 1982, a first-time charge of copyright infringement 【was merely a misdemeanor charge, with federal prosecutors】 who were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, offenders being subject to relatively small penalties.【with federal prosecutors who were是定语结构,非限定性修饰就近的名词a misdemeanor charge,逻辑不符】
斑斑还在190中说:独立主格部分并不包括“with + n. + 定语从句”和“n. + 定语从句”的形式,这种形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语,因为这个形式就相当于n, with + n.,或者是n., n. + that概括性同位语。
5#
 楼主| 发表于 2011-8-9 17:24:49 | 只看该作者
“大全里的一个句子:Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world. (with结构是前一个主系表结构的状语。)”
这句话里的with应该只是with+n,而我完全相信aeo斑斑在08prep 190中对B说的。Until the passage of the Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act in 1982, a first-time charge of copyright infringement 【was merely a misdemeanor charge, with federal prosecutors】 who were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, offenders being subject to relatively small penalties.【with federal prosecutors who were是定语结构,非限定性修饰就近的名词a misdemeanor charge,逻辑不符】
斑斑还在190中说:独立主格部分并不包括“with + n. + 定语从句”和“n. + 定语从句”的形式,这种形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语,因为这个形式就相当于n, with + n.,或者是n., n. + that概括性同位语。
-- by 会员 waiting1 (2011/8/9 17:14:17)



有人理我!哈哈哈,嗯。。有点不同意见。
1. 我没有说那个大全的句子是独立主格啊。。我也觉得那简单是一个with+ n.的介宾短语。它跟在主系表句子后面,做状语修饰前句。(我倒不是很同意斑斑说的with结构是同位语。。先存疑哈)
2. 我觉得主系表很特别啊。。像主系表,V-ing...  这个句子V-ing 就不是伴随动作,不是结果状语,简单地对主系表给出补充说明,做一个状语,补充说明主句意思。
我觉得同理适用于with结构,前面一个主系表句子,with结构引导出来,表明对主句的补充说明~ (有待检验~)
3. 对于你给的那个句子。。恩,我还是不大同意with是同位语。你回头读一下那个句子,我觉得原因应该是:with后面就是一个名词,重点就是with及其后面那个名词。放在句尾,不伦不类的,也没有任何对前句的补充意思,也没把前句意思扩展看。有点像lack competion,我感觉~
6#
 楼主| 发表于 2011-8-9 17:32:22 | 只看该作者
这两天我也正好在研究with,我还在08prep的查漏帖里问了好长的一个问题。。。所以饶有兴趣的进来看了。
我看到哪回到哪吧。
“2. 定语:The boy looked at the soldier who was on the bus. / The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. ”
lz的意思是/后的The boy looked at the soldier riding the bus. 是正确的吗?
请见这里:http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/post18293.html#p18293
ron说:everyone laughed at me accidentally walking into the girls' bathroom --> WRONG. sorry. this sentence would actually mean that everyone laughed at me as they were walking into the girls' bathroom.
恩。继续看~~~
-- by 会员 waiting1 (2011/8/9 17:01:01)



这个句子很有意思。。但是V-ing在无逗号的情况下修饰前面名词这也是曼哈顿里讲的啊~
我觉得你这个有点特别,让我感觉很不一样。。不知道是不是由于accidentally的位置造成的?
比如我要改成:Everyone laughed at me walking accidentally into the girls' bathroom.是不是就没问题了?……

这个我保留意见哈…
7#
发表于 2011-8-9 17:38:09 | 只看该作者
with的问题搞不清啊搞不清啊~~我也不是nn,只能帮你顶顶了。。。有待高人~
不过,with+n不是同位语~同位语的结构木有with+n的。
8#
 楼主| 发表于 2011-8-9 17:45:09 | 只看该作者
with的问题搞不清啊搞不清啊~~我也不是nn,只能帮你顶顶了。。。有待高人~
不过,with+n不是同位语~同位语的结构木有with+n的。
-- by 会员 waiting1 (2011/8/9 17:38:09)



恩~anyway~谢啦~我等着各位斑斑和各路高人能给我点意见。。
因为我从昨天就一直在不同意着aeo斑斑的那句“with独立主格表伴随,逻辑主语要和主句主语一致”  = =
9#
发表于 2011-8-9 17:57:52 | 只看该作者
好浩大的工程啊~晚上看SC完来琢磨~~赞一个先~~btw,bat晚上不要太晚啊~
10#
 楼主| 发表于 2011-8-9 18:22:13 | 只看该作者
好浩大的工程啊~晚上看SC完来琢磨~~赞一个先~~btw,bat晚上不要太晚啊~
-- by 会员 抓抓sandra (2011/8/9 17:57:52)



= =收到,老大。。要批判地看啊~抓抓加油~~
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