Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and 20th-centuryphilosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief thatphilosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinkingsubject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. In existentialism, theindividual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existentialattitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparentlymeaningless or absurd world. Many existentialists have also regarded traditionalsystematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract andremote from concrete human experience.
A central proposition of existentialism is that existence precedes essence, whichmeans that the most important consideration for individuals is the fact that they are anindividual—an independently acting and responsible, conscious being ("existence")—rather than what labels, roles, stereotypes, definitions, or other preconceivedcategories the individual fits ("essence"). The actual life of the individual constituteswhat could be called their "true essence" instead of an arbitrarily attributed essenceothers use to define them. Thus, human beings, through their own consciousness,create their own values and determine a meaning to their life.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that:
(A) Most late 19th and 20th century philosophers had profound doctrinal differences (B) Style is more important than value in existential philosophy.
(C) Existentialism favors a deeper connection to human experience than traditionalphilosophies.
(D) Existential philosophers were frequently confused by traditional philosophies.
(E) A core notion of existentialism is that “true essence” supersedes the individual.
2. Which of the following situations best illustrates the “existential attitude”?
(A) A confused man wanders through an orderly and structured parking lot trying to find his car
(B) A confused woman contemplates charges for something that she never did and that never happened.
(C) A disoriented dog gets lost in a large, well-manicured park, but is found by his owners later.
(D) A purposeful student sits in an outdoor art gallery with no boundaries or logic and contemplates life.
(E) A disoriented sailor finishes 2nd in an outcome that was expected by some and doubted by others.
3. The author uses the term “true essence” in order to:
(A) identify the preconceived categories in which the individual fits
(B) emphasize the importance of individualism over consciousness
(C) show how human beings create their own consciousness
(D) define the true life of an individual in contrast to that created by others
(E) contrast the individual with the true self
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发表于 2021-9-19 13:10:13
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