【语法】0603起玉发寂静整理 （更新至12题）06/11-22:22

Airkoala

整理菌第一次做玉发寂静，有条件的情况下会尽量帮原构筑提供的每个考点附上GMATCLUB和Manhattan上的解释及例题，感激小伙伴们在评论区留言补充。祝大家早日700+分手！

更新日志

06/11 22:18pm 更新至12题，原始稿第61篇,，感谢isi

06/10 22:18pm 更新至10题，原始稿第58篇， 无语法新狗

06/09 22:59pm 更新至10题，原始稿第57篇， 感谢JasmineLiu233，ChelseaQ

06/08 22:38pm 更新至8题，原始稿第48篇， 感谢Blajo，candicezxy

06/07 22:14pm 更新至6题，原始稿第33篇， 感谢frace

06/06 22:45pm 更新至5题，原始稿第26篇， 感谢欧文市长，j.sl

06/05 22:41pm 更新至2题，原始稿第12篇，无罗技新狗

06/04 18:15pm 更新至2题，原始稿第10篇，感谢Zachary19930421，TimZhi

06/03 19:36pm  换裤日（换库时间统计）

杀伐四方

看一下！               

yaoyuefeifei

感谢分享！               

zixuan1017

JJ第12:AS 的用法刚好我也在总结过往PREP中出现过的题。（因为见到AS 和WITH就怕的我考前必须把所有AS和 WITH 的题 总结一下）（在这贴先举两个PRPE 的AS）。
先贴两个题，之后想到再补充。
1.There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels: more than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now than it was in 1990.

A) generated through wind power now than it was
B) generated through wind power now as it was
C) generated through wind power now as was the case
D) now generated through wind power as it was
E) now generated through wind power than was the case
答案是C

RON的部分解答如下：there are two splits you should use to narrow down this problem:

(1) the second half of the construction 'ten times as much ... ____' is as, not than. therefore, you can eliminate answers (a) and (e), which contain 'than'. (i'm assuming that (e) is supposed to say 'than', not 'then'; i don't think the gmat problems would that blatant an error)

(2) the pronoun 'it' is inappropriate, because 'it' must refer to the ENTIRETY of the noun phrase serving as an antecedent.
for instance, the following is an improper sentence: last year's attendance was ten thousand greater than it was this year
in the above sentence, the pronoun 'it' must necessarily refer to last year's attendance, not just attendance.
the problem in this post has the same issue: the pronoun 'it' must refer to more than ten times as much energy, not just energy - an interpretation that makes no logical sense. therefore, all answer choices containing the pronoun 'it' are wrong.

if you don't like '...than was the case', you should learn to like it; this is one of those phrases that the gmat writers use to refer to concepts that don't fit under the usage constraints of traditional pronouns. (another popular one of these constructions is 'do so'.)

2.Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tuscan’s work by 30 year, became well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax.

(A)well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax
(B)well known as much for having an eccentric personality as for skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.
(C)well known as much because of her eccentric personality as she was for her skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.
(D)as well known for having an eccentric personality as having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax.
(E)as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.

答案是E

RON的解答如下：
choice b exhibits poor parallelism:
having an eccentric personality is placed in parallel with skilful wax renderings....
choice e exhibits proper parallelism, in that both of the parallel items are noun phrases (the principal nouns being personality and renderings).
choice d: bad parallelism
- you can't get rid of the 'for' in the second part (it should be '...as for having...')
- wordy (compare with the compact wording in choice e)
AC就不解释了，秒排。

zixuan1017

关于过去时和过去完成时。用一道老题 （结合了时态，resulting from和because of 用法等）经典老题来总结一下。

2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.

a)when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of
b)when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from
c)when the company lost $ 7.4 billion, primarily because of
d)which is when the company7 lost $7.4 billion, and that was primarily because of
e)which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

选项AB都用了过去完成时态。是错的。我把RON对这个时态的解说贴过来：
if we're going to say "had lost", we need to name another subsequent event/circumstance that either (a) ended that trend or (b) was affected by that trend.

the key is that you don't use past perfect unless you have 2 past time markers, the earlier of which has a distinct impact on, or relevance to, the later.
for instance:

i had already left home when my friend arrived at my door.
--> past perfect for the first verb, because it has a bearing on the circumstances of the second one (i.e., my friend came over to find an empty apartment)

i went to the restaurant after i left home --> just use the simple past 'left' (not 'had left'), because this time my leaving home has no direct bearing on the circumstances under which i went to the restaurant.

if you're a native speaker of english, verb tense is one of the few areas in which your ear will be a reliable predictor. verb tense is, after all, saturated with meaning, and it's one of those things that we native speakers use almost flawlessly even as relatively small children.

if you're not a native speaker, then, not so much.
also, this is definitely not carte blanche to use your ear in general. on most sentence correction issues - pronouns, modifiers, spread-out subject-verb agreement, and the like - your ear will be an absolutely horrible guide.

zixuan1017

机径第11 ：关于ability 等的用法，有一道题可以借鉴。

Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal with all other pollutants.
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal
B.        an especially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system's capability of dealing 

C.        an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system in dealing 

D.        a specially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system to deal 

E.        a specially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system's ability to deal
答案是A。

在这里。GMAT认为capability of X-ing/in X-ing是wordy/awkward的
针对此题，RON也解答过：
"capability of ____ing" and "capability in ____ing" are unidiomatic

固定搭配:ability to do sth.有能力做某事;ability of sth./sb. 某某某的能力。 

be able to do
be capable of doing

have ability to do ;
ability of sb. to do

have capability to do doing ;
capability of sb. to do doing 


再举一题引申一下ABLE TO 和CAN

Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted by the Federal Drug Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals far exceeds those that humans could consume
        A.        far exceeds those that humans could consume 

        B.        exceeds by far those humans can consume 

        C.        far exceeds those humans are able to consume 

        D.        exceed by far those able to be consumed by humans 

        E.        far exceed those that humans could consume
答案是E


this issue applies to the word 'able'/'ability', as well as to the word 'capable'/'capability'.

it does NOT apply to the word 'can', which can be used freely both ways.

e.g.,
Humans are unable to hear the cry of animal X. -- correct
Humans are incapable of hearing the cry of animal X. -- correct
Humans cannot hear the cry of animal X. -- correct

The cry of animal X is unable to be heard by humans. -- INCORRECT
The cry of animal X is incapable of being heard by humans. -- INCORRECT
The cry of animal X cannot be heard by humans. -- correct

the two sentences marked 'INCORRECT' are wrong because the (lack of) ability belongs to the human ear, not to the sound itself.
this is a non-issue with the word 'can'.
'can(not)' just means that something is (im)possible, without reference to the possessor of whatever ability might be necessary.

zixuan1017

机径第7,应该是考的WITHOUT 的虚拟语气用法：

基本结构

对现在虚拟：if S+did，S + would/could do
对过去虚拟：if S+had done, S + would/could have done


if it were not/ (had not been) for N, S would
= were it not for N/(had it not been for N)
=without N. (介词只有without可以表示虚拟)

without虚拟：
对过去，S would/could have done without N
对现在，S would/could do without N


如果是were it nor for开头的虚拟语气，主语必须一开头就是主语，不能有连词，副词instead之类的。

举一经典PREP题：

Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse.  

A.     instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse
B.     instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight
C.     a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight
D.     a star would collapse under its own weight      
E.     its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse
答案是D

it不能指代weight，必须主句主语是a star

zixuan1017

机径第6.构筑应该说的是对的。暂时没想到什么题。先贴下WHICH的用法吧。

"Which" can ONLY modify

1.NOUN
or
2.NOUN+preposition+NOUN