非常感谢楼主,应该是新的阅读,求确认~
【年轮】
[V1] 用年轮测书的年龄在热带不适用,因为有的树看不出来,所以某女提供了新的一种方法. P1. 树的年轮不仅可以体现树的年轮,还可以用来观察气候,能追溯1000年的变化情况,但是热带的什么什么书它的年轮是invisible rings,所以不能用这个方法。然后有个方法是用测sediments里的carbon isostope ,但是这个方法只能测最近100年的气候变化。。并且还有缺点。 P2. 一个女科学家的团队发现了一种新的方法,X-RAY,隔很远就能测量,并且非常快,一下午就能搞定,还说了一些优点。 P3. 那么怎么证明这个新方法是不是useful呢?就需要从两个角度来看。一:bla bla,二:bla bla(不记得有考点)。最后一句话说,所以女科学家的团队就和谁合作来验证有效性。 考古的英文很相似,但不是完全的原文. [V2] 这篇文章主要是讲传统来说tree rings可以用来鉴定blah blah, 但是tropical trees 因为difference between wet and dry seasons is too subtle to make noticeable differences....所以大家开始采用carbon isotope measures, 但是近日来发现其实tropical trees是有隐形的年轮的, 然后是可以通过检测calcium来观察的,然后就说这个方法大大节省了时间啊什么的 -但是最后文章又raise concern说也许这个方法不普适因为可能其他tropical trees的calcium level变化不那么明显 考古已确认: V1:有一篇讲年轮的 P1:年轮可以用来推算树木的年龄,但是有缺点,比如季节变化不明显的话年轮也不明显等等 P2:有个人和他的团队发现了一个新方法来看热带树木的年轮,很快,一个下午就搞定了以前需要3,4个月才能搞定的测量(这里有很多名词,记不清了,不影响解题,只要知道哪些词是旧方法哪些是新方法就好了) P3:有人质疑这个方法,两点,最后一句说这个人表示会注意这些被质疑的方面全文我感觉作者的态度是正的 求其他考友确认 题1:新方法和旧方法的区别在于新方法:快但是还没被证实(其他都太负了) 题2:哪个可以加强新方法:具体要看新方法被质疑的两方面,应该是在某一方面的加强 V2: 第一段: temporate zone 的年轮可以告诉我们很多信息,有多少圈可以说明这棵树有多大,圈的明晰程度可以告诉我们当年的气候状况怎样。但是tropic zone 的树木的年轮却很密集,而且因为热带气温不怎变,所以年轮变化难以预测当年的气候状况。 第二段:想要知道热带地区以前的气候情况,人们只能通过碳的同位素的方法。 第三段:有一个S科学家与她的研究小组,发明了一种新方法,用钙来测量。举了个例子说这个方法在某种树上面可行。说了这个方法的好处,用这个方法比用碳同位素时间短很多。第三段:有科学家对这方法的可行性表示怀疑。因为Ca有不连续性,所以测出来的结果不如C同位素准确。这种方法在S科学家实验的那种树上可行不能代表在整个热带地区的所有树上都可行。问题:下面哪个可以使发对S科学家的科学家们认同Ca这个方法是可行的呢?热带地区的年轮有什么特点?Ca的方法比C同位素的方法的好处是什么?文章的主旨 V3: 关于年轮的,说热带的树看不出明显的年轮,只能用同位素判断树龄,但是得不到气候变化的信息。于是又一个科研小组发现钙在树里面的分布可以揭示气候的信息。然后又说这个发现还有待完善。 V4: 推算树木年龄的方法这个机经很全了,那篇考古英文稿几乎和原文一样,大家读去吧哈哈题目 1、主旨题:提出新方法并评估可行性?(大概是这样) 2、哪一点被证实,会使该新方法不能普遍适用:好像选只适用于某些树种 3、新方法和老方法比如何:less established, 那个快而不准确亦或是可信度低的选项是应该是错的,很明显新方法还需要establish V5: 关于用树的年轮来判断树的年龄和历史气候。然而在热带因为气候变化较小,树的年轮基本无法识别。传统上研究者都是用carbon isotope的方式来研究,但是这种方式非常的timeconsuming。另外还有用研究水里面的sediment的方式来达到了解历史气候的效果,但是这种方式只能获得过去几十年里面的信息,而且比较复杂。最近有科学家XXX和她的团队研究发现,可以通过用X-ray扫描泰国的一种树的年轮,由于在不同季节这种树的钙吸收量不同,可以获得它的年龄以及相关的气候信息。这种方式比carbon isotope更有效率,但是仍然需要更多的研究以确定它是否能准确的提供需要的信息,另外在热带是否有更多的树木可以用这种方式进行研究。 V6: 讲如何判断树德年龄和热带的植物那个时候的什么东西...temperate zone. 文章说科学家先是很据观察树的rings来判断年龄,但是这个方法对于tropical trees不work因为tropic没有那么明显的什么variation. 然后科学家就用另一种方法,氧和碳的方法了确定,这个方法要得到结果要发很长时间(这个地方有题,比较这个氧碳方法了下一段一个individual科学家X的方法)。下一段有个individual科学家X自己发明了一个方法是研究树里面的钙含量,很快就断定了树德年龄,然后跟氧碳法比较结果是一样的。最后一段,作者说X的方法是不是真的对tropical的tree都有用还要进一步的研究其他的问题(我忘了还需要研究什么了....)最后一段也有题,就是问对于X的方法坐着有什么看法(我选的就是需要进一步验证X方法的适用性)。 V7: 还有篇就是年轮那题,JJ上也有,补充下有一道题目说证实了以下哪一点可以加强那个科学家新提出的那个测年龄的方法。A 说其后方面的影响,某个比干旱影响小D 说热带大部分的植物都有“invisible ring”当时我犹豫了,大家都选A是吧,所以我也跟着组织选A了。没选D的另一个原因是题目focus在侧年龄,然后选项说到的是Invisible ring 不是直接影响到那个方法的东西。 疑似原文 You can tell how old a tree is simply by counting its rings, which reflect the changing seasons. However, things are less straightforward when it comes to tropical trees, since there are no summers and winters to mark the passage of time. Now scientists have worked out a simple way to tell the age of trees from the tropics, according to Nature. Currently, factors such as the width of tree rings in temperate zones are used to provide a detailed record of climate conditions for the past 1 000 years or so. But only a few types of trees in the tropics have visible rings: the variances between wet and dry seasons are too slight to leave a distinguishable mark. Until now, scientists have depended on measurements of oxygen and carbon isotopes to determine their age, but Pascale Poussart, a geochemist at Princeton University in New Jersey, and her colleagues, have shown that an apparently ring less Miliusa velutina tree(野独活)from Thailand does have rings... they're just invisible. Using X-ray beams focused on wood samples, there searchers looked at calcium, a mineral that trees take up during their main growing season. They revealed annual peaks dating back to 1909.Although the results were in line with carbon isotope measurements,(关于新方法,何者是对的) the calcium method is much quicker. "It took us just one afternoon in the synchrotron to produce the record," (方法最大的优点) says Poussart. "The isotope record cost four months of lab time." The team doesn't yet know whether seasonal calcium cycles are common, (如何使新方法普遍接受) or if the feature is specific to just a few types of trees. And it is unclear whether periods of drought, or the modest and patchy dry seasons that feature in some areas of the tropics, will make the signal undecipherable. In search of answers, Poussart will be working with scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's Center for Tropical Forest Science, who runs long-term forest monitoring programmers in Africa, Asia and Latin America. At the moment, much about tropical systems is a mystery, so anything that helps measure time will make an important contribution to the understanding of tropical forest dynamics. 题目: 1. 主旨题 #提出一个新方法,并说明其有缺陷# 2.第二段与第一段:新老办法对比 参考答案:calcium方法没有炭氧法那么well-established. 3.下列哪一个是undermine第一段所说"热带树林 is too subtle to 显示气候的迹象"? 参考答案:在泰国地区,发现了三种新型态的热带树林,他们的年轮痕迹是用肉眼就可以看出来的 4.下列哪种情况学者会比较支持第二段那个人calcium的方法 参考答案:如果知道季节在哪种情况下会对年轮辨识度影响较大 5.问文章最后一句话(这种collaboration)infer 参考答案:选对此方法需进一步验证其有效性 6.问从文章可以infer什么? 参考答案:方法可以测树的年龄 7.这种方法最大的优点 省时间 8.问关于这个科学家题出的新方法何者正确 Tree830224 7/13 Q1. If which of the following has been proved, P科学家的Cal方法will be widely accepted? A. It can be determined the drought season willmore affect decipher than dry seasons; B. all the tropical trees have been provedto be different with regard to seasonal calcium cycles; Q2. 主旨题 evaluate the reliability of a new method withregard to determining the climate change Q3. which is true about the two methods? A. carbon method is more established than P’smethod; B. P has used x-ray to test carbon(这里注意是carbon, P的新方法是关注calcium) C. Carbon is more accurate in determining theage 选项有很多都是carbon出现的,要当心; Q4. Which can be inferred from the passage? 选项:P’s method needs further study to check its efficiency;
【穷国富国投资】
文章来源:http://uncharted.org/frownland/books/Polanyi/POLANYI%20KARL%20-%20The%20Great%20Transformation%20-%20v.1.0.html 这本书的第一章,我根据jj描述只截取了前四段。求好心人确认。您要是嫌不够我再去截几段~~~
Nineteenth century civilization rested on four institutions. The first was the balance-of-power system which for a century prevented the occurrence of any long and devastating war between the Great Powers. The second was the international gold standard which symbolized a unique organization of world economy. The third was the self-regulating market which produced an unheard-of material welfare. The fourth was the liberal state. Classified in one way, two of these institutions were economic, two political. Classified in another way, two of them were national, two international. Between them they determined the characteristic outlines of the history of our civilization.
Of these institutions the gold standard proved crucial; its fall was the proximate cause of the catastrophe. By the time it failed most of the other institutions had been sacrificed in a vain effort to save it.
But the fount and matrix of the system was the self-regulating market. It was this innovation which gave rise to a specific civilization. The gold standard was merely an attempt to extend the domestic market system to the international field; the balance-of-power system was a superstructure erected upon and, partly, worked through the gold standard; the liberal state was itself a creation of the self-regulating market. The key to the institutional system of the nineteenth century lay in the laws governing market economy.
Our thesis is that the idea of a self-adjusting market implied a stark utopia. Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society; it would have physically destroyed man and transformed his surroundings into a wilderness. Inevitably, society took measures to protect itself, but whatever measures it took impaired the self-regulation of the market, disorganized industrial life, and thus endangered society in yet another way. It was this dilemma which forced the development of the market system into a definite groove and finally disrupted the social organization based upon it.
再附个其他的,这个已经挺全了。看看这几个再多了解点吧。
穷国富国投资
V1
第一段一上来给了一个现象,但是我给忘了。。。
第二段是说很多研究表明,很多发展中国家,如果foreign investment is larger than domestic investment,这个国家的经济发展会比那些 foreign investment is smallerr than domestic investment的国家慢。
第三段解释说为什么,因为发展中国家的人虽然得到了外国投资,但是因为不发达,人民适应债务,或者是还清债务的能力不强。所以给再多投资也不能吸收。如果发展中国家发达了,外国投资就会有帮助了。
V2
investment flow between richer countries and poorer countries. 说传统观点认为是从富国向穷国流动的,但是其实是uphill的,因为穷国的savings比较多,所以直接或间接的被用于了海外投资。而且穷国的financial system都不完善,所以无法有效的absorb the foreign investment. 因此随着financial system 的健全,穷国经济增长速度也会加快。这篇记得也挺长的。
V3
1. 穷国富国financial system的. (3段, 结构很清晰, 话也不多)
I 主旨貌似是, theory说 穷国应该怎么怎么, 但是实际情况不是的,
II 具体情况是怎么怎么的
III 说了造成这样的原因, 归跟芥蒂是他们没有个好的金融体系
V4(39)
4.第四篇阅读是说不同经济实体中investment的流向的.
开头说了,根据经济学理论,资本应该从发达国家流向发展中国家.因为发展中国家没有足够的capital,所以他们会为capital提供更高的回报.但根据事实的观察,事情并不是这样的.贫穷国家的钱都流到发达国家去了.然后讲述了人民的储蓄和投资之间啥啥啥...忘了
第二段说,又有观察发现,那些吸引外资投资的金额比本国投向外国的金额多的国家,发展得比较的慢.貌似也是和什么什么理论相悖的.好像他意思是说应该依赖本国自己内部的投资.
第三段就解释说(中间有一段记忆空白)那些原本很穷,但是发展很快,但是金融体系又不发达的国家,当人们有了钱时,就不倾向于通过本国的金融体系借给本国的公司用来发展,而是直接或者间接的投资于国外.blabla...这个问题会因为金融体系的逐渐健全而被解决的.
题目1是主旨题,问这文章讲了啥,我选的是对于一些和理论相悖的现象进行的分析.
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