感谢楼主的狗狗，新阅读求确认
【肌肉疲劳】
V1
肌肉疲劳什么的。一开始一个noble prize的人说the function of muscle will brake when muscle detects high level of lactic acid。但是后来有几个Canadian scientist做了个实验发现the muscle acts so even when the level of lactic acid is low，然后又有个什么实验（不记得了）。最后一段说其实第一段的那个theory不是完全的错，但是真正决定什么时候stop the muscle function的是neural system。所以这个过程是subjective而不是Objective(有道题问了这个)。
V2
Theory 1: muscles go into automated brake when lactic acid builds up after exhausting exercise, leading to fatigue.
Theory Two: psychologists argue central nervous system controls the sense of extreme fatigue to keep body from collapse; psychologists say that theory 1 is right about lactic build up, however wrong in the "location".( location=Central nervous system)
V3：
第一段：1922年有个诺贝尔的理论，人劳累，是因为肌肉释放的酸达到极限，从而让肌肉休息。
第二段：加拿大的科学家有异议。而南非的科学家取出反例，在一种特定的情况下（这种情况可以导致肌肉释放的酸不会大幅增加），对运动员研究发现他们疲劳的时候酸的含量很低，30%的肌肉已经休息了。虽然这些运动员说他们已经很累，达到极限了。
第三段：科学家们就提出假设来解决这个问题，指出1922年有个诺贝尔的理论是部分正确的。但是人的劳累其实不是客观事实，而是人的主观情绪。然后这个理论还能够解释部分现象。
类似原文：By pipilovelail
Interestingly—or unnervingly， depending on how you look at it— someresearchers are uncovering evidence that Stanovnik’s rule of thumb might beright. A spate of recent studies has contributed to growing support for thenotion that the origins and controls of fatigue lie partly， if not mostly， within the brain and the central nervoussystem. The new research puts fresh weight to the hoary coaching cliché： you only think you’re tired.From the time ofHippocrates， the limits of human exertion were thought toreside in the muscles themselves， ahypothesis that was established in 1922 with the Nobel Prize-winning work ofDr. A.V. Hill. The theory went like this： working muscles， pushed to their limit， accumulated lactic acid.When concentrations oflactic acid reached a certain level， so theargument went， the muscles could no longer function. Musclescontained an ‘‘automatic brake，’’ Hillwrote，‘‘carefully adjusted by nature.’’
Researchers， however， have long noted a link between neurologicaldisorders and athletic potential. In the late 1800’s， the pioneering French doctor Philippe Tissiéobserved that phobias and epilepsy could be beneficial for athletic training. Afew decades later， the German surgeon August Bier measured thespontaneous long jump of a mentally disturbed patient， noting that it compared favorably to theexisting world record. These types of exertions seemed to defy the notion ofbuilt-in muscular limits and， Biernoted， were made possible by‘‘powerful mental stimuliand the simultaneous elimination of inhibitions.’’
Questionsabout the muscle-centered model came up again in 1989 when Canadian researcherspublished the results of an experiment called Operation Everest II， in which athletes did heavy exercise inaltitude chambers. The athletes reached exhaustion despite the fact that theirlactic-acid concentrations remained comfortably low. Fatigue， it seemed， might be caused by something else.In 1999， three physiologists from the University ofCape Town Medical School in South Africa took the next step. They worked agroup of cyclists to exhaustion during a 62-mile laboratory ride and measured， via electrodes， the percentage of leg muscles they were usingat the fatigue limit. If standard theories were true， they reasoned， the body should recruit more muscle fibers asit approached exhaustion — a natural compensation for tired， weakening muscles.Instead， the researchers observed the opposite result.As the riders approached complete fatigue， the percentage of active muscle fibersdecreased， until they were using only about 30 percent.Even as the athletes felt they were giving their all， the reality was that more of their muscleswere at rest.Was the brain purposely holding back the body?‘‘It was as if thebrain was playing a trick on the body， to save it，’’says Timothy Noakes， head of the Cape Town group. ‘‘Which makes alot of sense， if you think about it. In fatigue， it only feels like we’re going to die. Theactual physiological risks that fatigue represents are essentiallytrivial.’’From this， Noakes and his colleagues concluded that A.V.Hill had been right about the automatic brake， but wrong about its location.
这个以下似乎就不一样了。
Theypostulated the existence of what they called a central governor:a neural systemthat monitors carbohydrate stores， thelevels of glucose and oxygen in the blood， the rates of heat gain and loss， and work rates. The governor’s job is to holdour bodies safely back from the brink of collapse by creating painfulsensations that we interpret as unendurable muscle fatigue.Fatigue， the researchers argue， is less an objective event than a subjectiveemotion —the brain’s clever，self-interested attempt to scare you into stopping.The way past fatigue， then， is to return the favor： to fool the brain by lying to it， distracting it or even provoking it. (Thatsaid， mental gamesmanship can never overcome a basiclack of fitness. As Noakes says， thebody always holds veto power.)‘‘Athletes and coaches already do a lot of thisinstinctively，’’Noakes says.‘‘What is a coach， after all， but a technique for overcoming thegovernor?’’The governor theory is far from conclusive， but some scientists are focusing on awalnut-size area in the front portion of the brain called the anteriorcingulate cortex. This has been linked to a host of core functions， including handling pain， creating emotion and playing a key role inwhat’s known loosely as willpower. Sir Francis Crick， the co-discoverer of DNA， thought the anterior cingulate cortex to bethe seat of the soul. In the sports world， perhaps no soul relies on it more than JureRobic’s.Some people‘‘have the ability to reprocess the pain signal，’’ says Daniel Galper， a senior researcher in the psychiatrydepartment at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.‘‘It’s not that they don’t feel the pain; they just shift their brain dynamicsand alter their perception of reality so the pain matters less. It’s basicallya purposeful hallucination.’’Noakes and his colleagues speculate that thecentral governor theory holds the potential to explain not just feats ofstamina but also their opposite：chronic fatigue syndrome (a malfunctioning， overactive governor， in this view).Moreover， the governor theory makes evolutionary sense.Animals whose brains safeguarded an emergency stash of physical reserves mightwell have survived at a higher rate than animals that could drain their fueltanks at will.The theory would also seem to explain a sports landscape in whichultra-endurance events have gone from being considered medically hazardous tosomething perilously close to routine. The Ironman triathlon in Hawaii —a2.4-mile swim， 112-mile bike ride and marathon-length run—wasthe ne plus ultra in endurance in the 1980’s， but has now been topped by the Ultraman， which is more than twice as long. Once obscure， the genre known as adventure racing， which includes 500-plus-mile wilderness raceslike Primal Quest， has grown to more than 400 events each year.Ultramarathoners， defined as those who participate in runningevents exceeding the official marathon distance of 26.2 miles， now number some 15，000 in the United States alone. The underlyingphysics have not changed， butrather our sense of possibility. Athletic culture， like Robic， has discovered a way to tweak its collectivegovernor.
V4
第一段，1920诺贝尔奖获得者提出理论疲劳时因为肌肉里的某个酸堆积造成的，
第二段，现在观察证明不对，因为给运动员吃了什么东西完全不起作用，还是累。
第三段：说明了应该是大脑控制疲劳。1920的理论说的酸的积累并不在肌肉里。当什么累积的时候大脑就觉得累了，给人信号说累了。
问题，main idea。如果人要控制疲劳那么应该怎么做，我选的是训练自己，让自己对疲劳没感觉。
V5
流行的理论是一种acid的累计，会让人有brake (大概是什么跑到一定距离觉得跑不动了，跑跑又ok了的极限吧，忘记中文是什么=。=)
但是加拿大的科学家对跳高运动员研究发现他们疲劳的时候acid的含量很低，然后另一国的专家发现理论上讲部分肌肉累的时候，人应该利用起别的肌肉，但实际上别的肌肉这时候在休息
然后说一种新的理论解释这个问题，说是神经系统为了保护人from collapse，这种疲劳是主管感觉而不是客观现象
V6
第一段，1922年有个诺贝尔大牛有个理论，说肌肉释放的什么酸是自动刹车，让肌肉休息。
第二段，1989年加拿大的哥们有小异议，是补充理论，1999，南非三个哥们有新发现(主要内容)。第二段论证南非哥们的理论内容和原理。
第三段，总结他们的观点，有他们对1922年理论的评价，部分对，但没有指出，肌肉组织其实不是客观事实，而是受大脑操控的主观情绪影响，这才作用的。
【股东与股民】
V1： 经济管理题。一页。 通常人们都认为stock** model（拼写不大记得了，反正大意是股份制结构）有利于公司的长效管理与经营，使公司实体经济得到提升，很多经济学家也宣称通过stock model可以使公司注重社会贡献，是非常好的一种形式，但是，该文作者认为，stock model并不利于公司的长期经营。他举出了以下几点， 第一，其他公司的并购者takeovers可以通过操控股票，对某些大股东采取补偿，宣称他们持有的股票低于实际价值，以达到并购目的，但是一旦并购成功，他们将会整合旧有公司资源，可能导致其大量裁员，压缩机构和部门； 第二，有了stock model,高端管理者可能会被许以股份，使他们对与市值唯命是从，为了短期利益牺牲长期利益，甚至裁员。 第三，还有其他拥有公司股份的institutions（细节题）也会依照公司市值来行事，Etc。 总之，作者得出结论，其实所谓的stock model并不能让公司获得长效利益，反而被短期financial benefit所困。（主旨题）
V2 stackholder那道，说stackholder包括shareholder，还有employees，customers，等等。然后发现 financial performance好的公司是那些work for the best interest of the stackholder。但是有一些事情会让stackholder成为victim。比如takeover，那些takeover的公司claim：通 过takeover可以增加stock price，which is undervalued because of the incompetence of the companies being took over。但是实际上虽然takeover让公司股票涨了，公司却会裁员。这样损害了另外一些stackholder的利益。同样也适用于merger等 等。有个问题问shareholder会怎样，我选了shareholder有的时候希望他们持有的公司股票涨，然后又的时候会产生一些不利于另外一些 stackholder的事情。文章很短，也很容易懂。
V3
讲一个现代商业的什么model，目的是为了保证利益相关者的利益包括顾客啊，员工啊，还有股东啊，来维持social equity。但是Unfortunately,这个有一个victim什么的影响，就是说这种公司是为了长期受益考虑的，可能会导致股价低，而被其他有 意图的机构来收购，进而提高股价，来满足股东的利益。于是manage就改变了策略，更加偏重短期利益，为了提高股价，而不惜裁员什么来着，反正就是损害 了这么一部分人的利益。大致意思如此，文章不难。
加点拓展阅读 什么是stakeholder和stockholder
源于google,希望对大家有帮助，特别是非经济学背景的同学。
Person,group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organizationbecause it can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives,and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors,customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners(shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the businessdraws its resources. Although stake-holding is usually self-legitimizing (thosewho judge themselves to be stakeholders are de facto so), all stakeholders arenot equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations.For example, a firm's customers are entitled to fair trading practices but theyare not entitled to the same consideration as the firm's employees. See alsocorporate governance
韦氏词典的解释
Stakeholdermay refer to:
Stakeholder(corporate), a person, group, organization, or system who affects or can beaffected by an organization's actions
Projectstakeholder, a person, group or organization with an interest in a project.
Stakeholdertheory, a theory that identifies and models the groups which are stakeholdersof a corporation or project
Stakeholderanalysis, the process of identifying those affected by a project or event
Stakeholder(law), a third party who temporarily holds money or property while its owner isstill being determined
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发表于 2016-3-30 13:52:33
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