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第四篇阅读考古求确认
第一段:
在1830s/美国金融发展的历史中,没有什么(nothing)比美国的商业银行扩张(commercial bank expansion) 更矛盾/更具有讨论性的了(an controversial issue)。虽然两派人都反对商业银行扩张,但原因不同: 美国总统派(Jacksonarist)反对银行系统扩张(the expansion of banking system)/反对多建银行,因为它只能惠利到一小部分人(minority)/一部分有钱人(benefit those wealthy people),混乱社会次序,担心导致财富分配差距 过大穷人受苦。
辉格党(Whig)也反对银行系统扩张,因为它让资本很少的人(people with little capital)也能拥有自己的银行(have their own bank account)/让没有资本的人可以创业等,担心分配差距减小/加剧社会和经济(social and economic) 的差距使富人受损/权贵(elite)经济利益受到影响/大家都开银行从而造成社会动乱。
第二段:
回顾历史/从现在的角度看(recent study),两派的观点都有部分是正确的(are both partially right)/各有对处。 举例子:某个州/P 地在 1830 年时商业银行扩张,和总统派预期一样,只造福(benefit)了一小部分富人;但是也有 一部分和辉格党预期一样,即有一些没钱的人也进入了/促进了资金流通。 但是(However),两派人都忽略了商业银行扩张真正的影响:扩张使很多人成为了企业家(entrepreneurship)/促进 了新企业(new entrepreneur)的形成和发展/这个时期那些从中获益的非精英的小部分人都是企业家(nonelite people are entrepreneurs),这些人以很少的资金(capital)创建了自己的银行,虽然他们占很小的比例,但却对社 会有很大贡献/使得有些人能够打破极少数社会精英(social elite structure)控制的上流社会,这种行为是有好处的, 比如增加了资本的流通。
【题目】:
1)文章结构/主旨题
先说了两个相对的观点/讨论历史现象的两种方法/历史观点(present a perspective of a historical),然后用新证 据/新评判指出他们的问题(shortcoming)。
2) Jackson 和 Whig 都会同意什么观点/在哪些方面对银行扩张的看法是一致的? 选项有: 1、多建银行会给财富分配带来巨大改变 2、反对银行扩张(is all undesirable)
考古狗主:选择后者。
理由:因为我觉得财富分配不一定会有巨大改变。从 J 党观点来看,他们担心的是财富差距过大,也就是说负的更 富穷的更穷,说明财富分配没有变,变的是差距。所以我选的 undesirable。
3)可以从文章得到什么? Jackson 和 Whig 都反对银行扩张。
4)Whig 最可能同意什么?
A、the social distinction will maintain. C、the social distinction is unlikely to disappear. 犹豫后选 C 的理由:觉得 maintain 是保持的意思,有持平的含义。而 Whig 认为 distinction 是会增大的。也有人认为原文 wish...那一句取非后应选 maintain。 注意:选 A 或 C 的人都有,请本月狗主确认! 有考古狗主说选了:不扩张(expanding)会使贫富差距扩大(exaggerate)。
理由:原文 Whig 党派里,有类似 level the rich and the poor 的表述,意思是他们的贫富差距会越来越近。 考古狗主选 C。
5)作者对 Jackson 和 Whig 的观点怎么看? 两个观点都没有揭露出商业银行扩张真正的影响。
6)研究认为? 出现新的力量。
7)发生在 P 地的银行扩展的总体评价?
备注: Commercial Bank expansion
【疑似原文】
Jackson
是反对成立中央银行的。The Second Bank of the United States was authorized for a twenty year period during James Madison's tenure in 1816. As President, Jackson worked to rescind the bank's federal charter. In Jackson's veto message (written by George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because: It concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single institution. It exposed the government to control by foreign interests. It served mainly to make the rich richer. It exercised too much control over members of Congress. It favored northeastern states over southern and western states. Banks are controlled by a few select families. Banks have a long history of instigating wars between nations, forcing them to borrow funding to pay for them.然后由于J总统的这个观点,引起了bank war. The Bank War is the name given to the controversy over the Second Bank of the United States and the attempts to destroy it by then-president Andrew Jackson. At that time, it was the only nationwide bank and, along with its president Nicholas Biddle, exerted tremendous influence over the nation's financial system. Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly since it was a private institution managed by a board of directors, and in 1832 he vetoed the renewal of its charter.辉格党的成立就是为了反对J总统的一些政策。Established in 1834, the Whig Party was a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. “King Andrew,” as his critics labeled him, had enraged his political opponents by his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers. The term Whig was taken from English politics, the name of a faction that opposed royal tyranny. Opponents who gravitated to the Whig Party included Jackson critics, states’ rights advocates, and supporters of the American System. In some respects the Whigs were the descendants of the old Federalist Party, supporting the Hamiltonian preference for strong federal action in dealing with national problems. Other components of the emerging coalition that became the Whig Party was the Anti-Masonic Party, the stated purpose of which was to combat the purported threat of Masonic power over political and judicial institutions. William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed of New York and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania were among the Anti-Masons who migrated to the Whig Party. Another group was the Democratic Conservatives, who opposed their party's financial policies after 1836.Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were the unquestioned luminaries of the Whig Party. Neither was able to overcome sectional jealousies and gain the coveted presidency.
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