gwd 3-15

  In its 1903 decision in the case

       of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

       States Supreme Court rejected the

Line       efforts of three Native American tribes

  (5)       to prevent the opening of tribal lands

to non-Indian settlement without tribal

consent.  In his study of the Lone

Wolf case, Blue Clark properly

emphasizes the Court’s assertion

(10)      of a virtually unlimited unilateral power

of Congress (the House of Represen-

tatives and the Senate) over Native

American affairs.  But he fails to note

the decision’s more far-reaching

(15)     impact:  shortly after Lone Wolf, the

federal government totally abandoned

negotiation and execution of formal

written agreements with Indian tribes

as a prerequisite for the implemen-

(20)      tation of federal Indian policy.  Many

commentators believe that this change

had already occurred in 1871 when—

following a dispute between the

       House and the Senate over which

(25)       chamber should enjoy primacy in

Indian affairs—Congress abolished

the making of treaties with Native

American tribes.  But in reality the

federal government continued to nego-

(30)      tiate formal tribal agreements past

the turn of the century, treating these

documents not as treaties with sover-

       eign nations requiring ratification by the

Senate but simply as legislation to be

(35)       passed by both houses of Congress.

       The Lone Wolf decision ended this

era of formal negotiation and finally

did away with what had increasingly

become the empty formality of obtain-

ing tribal consent.

Q15:

According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?

I make the same mistake as you do at my first reading.

Because the abolishment of agreement occured in 1871, it is unnecessary for congress to sign agreement with minority at that time.

Many

commentators believe that this change

had already occurred in 1871 when—

following a dispute between the

       House and the Senate over which

(25)       chamber should enjoy primacy in

Indian affairs—Congress abolished

the making of treaties with Native

American tribes.  But in reality the

federal government continued to nego-

(30)      tiate formal tribal agreements past

the turn of the century, treating these(formal agreements)

documents not as treaties with sover-

       eign nations requiring ratification by the

Senate but simply as legislation to be

(35)       passed by both houses of Congress.

To be discussed...

C is correct because treaties are not agreements. From 1871 to the lone wolf decision, government still signed agreements,not treaties, with tribes.

E is wrong because "a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress over Native American affairs." doesn't necessarily mean "Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court."

I agree with you.

Choose E is 超越文章前提

I think C is correct instead

federal government continued to nego-

(30)      tiate formal tribal agreements past

the turn of the century, treating these

documents not as treaties with sover-

       eign nations requiring ratification by the

Senate but simply as legislation to be

(35)       passed by both houses of Congress.

请注意这一句，它说明了实际上的agreement还是有的，只是更加通过法律的执行，这样看来还是E对，D错！因为变成法律了，这些印第安人就不能和联邦再争执了！

我也选C.

另外,这里面的名词谁能讲解一下.

我知道Congress包括the House和the Senate.

但是,还有几个机构之间的关系和他们的关系又如何呢?   chamber, the federal government, the Super Court.

请指教.谢谢!

Q14:

As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to                     

1. point out that this episode in Native American history has received inadequate attention from scholars
2. support the contention of the author of the passage that the Lone Wolf decision had a greater long-term impact than did the congressional action of 1871
3. challenge the validity of the Supreme Court’s decision confirming the unlimited unilateral power of Congress in Native American affairs
4. refute the argument of commentators who regard the congressional action of 1871 as the end of the era of formal negotiation between the federal government and Native American tribes

E. introduce a view about the Lone Wolf decision that the author will expand upon

我选A.为什么不对.答案是E.

Q15 I choose C.

Coolgirl的假设不正确，成为了法律，就不能challenge了吗？这点文中没有提到。