Season 1——manhattan 16(colony of the British)(已结贴)

毛毛carina

16. Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only after a long struggle by the native people.
        A. Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
        B. Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
        C. Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
        D. Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
        E. Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

选项解析：
The original sentence begins with a modifier ("Before its independence") that clearly describes India, though the subject of the main clause is Britain. Moreover, "ruled India as a colony" is wordy and the verb "ruled" is in the simple past when it would be better in the past perfect (two past actions, one of which was earlier). Finally, "they" has no grammatical antecedent and "would" is not a proper tense here (the simple past is required).
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) Britain should not be the recipient of the modifier "Before its independence."
(C) The pronoun "they" has no logical antecedent.  Logically it probably refers to the British, but the British do not appear in the sentence.  Also the past perfect tense would have been preferable here (had been ruled) since the ruling occurred before the relinquishing of the power.
(D) The phrase "ruled as a colony by Britain" is awkward and unclear. The placement of the modifer "by Britain" makes it unclear that the ruling is being done by Britain.
(E) CORRECT.  This correctly places India as the recipient of the opening modifier.  The past perfect is utilized to indicate that different times in the past.  Notice that the word "ruled" has been removed from this answer choice, however, this did not result in a change of meaning.  To be a colony of the British is to be ruled by the British.  The exclusion of the pronoun its in the beginning of the sentence (see answer choices A and C) is incidental.  The sentence would have been correct with the pronoun its as well.

题目点评：
本题设计的语法点：时态、修饰、句式结构(简洁)、指代一致

本题通过before its dependence的逻辑主语必须是India可以迅速排除A，B；通过指代一致排除C（they复数不能指代单数名词India）。（这两点一定要形成本能。）

最后比较D,E成为本题关键:
其实D的意思非常巧妙：India had been ruled as a colony by Britain.的意思可能是：India确实是一个殖民地，也可能是：India其实不是殖民地，但是在英国管制之下显得好像是殖民地。也就是说had been ruled as a colony远不如直接说was a colony来得清晰明了。
That is:
India was ruled as a colony by Britain.  --> India probably wasn't a colony.
had was a colony of (the) Britain.         --> India was a colony.
*: 关于D,E的比较，有一个“规则”称：实义动词不可以随意更改。但是本题很好地说明了这个“规则”的武断。其实西方思维很多时候喜欢用静态动词来表达一个事物的状态，因为更加idiomatic & clear。下次见到实义动词的更改，一定要记得从逻辑含义入手对比分析哦。
*: a colony of the Britain和a colony of Britain都是正确表达，前者是指英国人的殖民地，后者指英国的殖民地，意思上其实是一样的.
*: D选项的be ruled as colony除了不清晰的错误外，还比较awkward，rule和colony语义上是有重复的。

关于用who还是which指代the British：
British做名词时意思为“英国人”，视为复数，前面要加the：the British [plural]
因此the British要用关系代词who来指代。

关于各国人的单复数：
[attachimg=501,348]90623[/attachimg]

最后需要注意的是正确选项E选项里面before independence改为before its independence也是对的。切记，GMAT的错误选项里面有些表达虽然和正确选项中不同，但是也未必错误。所以强加一个错误并不可取，而且还多花分析的时间。

思维点评：
1. “relinquish的主语应该是人，所以答案应该是E吧。”——andrewstudio
"但是从逻辑上说，一个客观物体是不会主动的放弃权利的，Britain可以指代国家，也可以指代国家政权，所以这里会有混淆，虽然说的过去但是不佳。" ——bbfcsak
英文中拟人用法多，relinquish的主语可以是物，所以这D选项的"British, which relinquished”表达是对的。其实本题的D选项错误仅在于be ruled as a colony含义模糊。真实的GMAT考试基本上不会出现错误点这么细节且只有一个的选项。

2. "a group of people who are similar in some way and who live together, or the place where they live
　an artists' colony
　a leper colony
a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together
　a seal colony
　breeding colonies of rare birds
所以E里面India had been a colony of British, 歧义大大滴 "——helio5
umm...colony确实有群体的意思：an artists' colony 聚居的艺术家；a leper colony 麻风病患者群；the British colony in India 印度的英国人区。但是要注意，这里前面是说India is a colony of the British --> India是英国人区，显然这不符合逻辑，所以colony的取义必须是“殖民地”。
类似地:
你可以说Flushing is the Chinese colony in New York或者Flushing is a colony of the Chinese.
但是你不能认为New York is the Chinese colony的意思是New York是华人区，而最多只能意思为：New York当初是中国的殖民地(就打个比方哈，架空一下现实穿越一下)。

2. "who只能指代人，不能指代物。"－－纳丁Cat
貌似纳丁漏看了British前面有一个the，其实多一个the和少一个the是千差万别的。

3. "ITS 多余！" ——bbfcsak
虽然its确实是多余的，但是有its和没有its比，并没有优劣之分哦。Both are acceptable.

4. "然后这里说印度被英国统治，被动语气不佳，最简单明了的应该是英国统治印度，而且这个as a colony我怎么看怎么不顺眼，as可以表示举例子或者是表功能，怎么看怎么不舒服，殖民地不是例子也不能表功能，而且这里既然印度被英国统治了，那么肯定就是殖民地了，所以我觉得ruled by和colony从意思角度上说属于语义重复！" —— bbfcsak
前半句对了，不过后半句，对as的理解上需要补充一点：
as除了用于比较还有两个常用的意思：
1. used to say what job, duty, use, or appearance someone or something has
2. used to say what someone thinks or says a person or thing is
而对于D选项，两个意思都可取，但是含义不同，取第一个意思，句子的含义是：India可能不是殖民地，而只是被British管制；取第二个意思：India是殖民地。所以就因为as，D选项就模糊不清了。
bbfcsak”这里既然印度被英国统治了，那么肯定就是殖民地了，所以我觉得ruled by和colony从意思角度上说属于语义重复“这一点说的很对。

5. ”大家发现没有，Britain在这变成了the British！！！国家变成了人了！！" ——bbfcsak
Actually, "British relinquished" is not a wrong point in D...

6. “感觉原有动词rule不能去掉。”——nhelpn
nhelpn好几次表现出固有思维了哦。具体的解析就见上面题目点评吧。
附加一点小总结：悬赏令到现在已经积累三个地方是一定要从逻辑入手分析了：句子结构、时态、动词的省略更改（包括情态动词、助动词、实义动词等所有动词）。总之，当见到无法判断的地方时，务必要从逻辑入手。

7. “D的which应该是who“ ——ethanli
其实D的which指代British（英国）是对的。也就是说，要用which指代British，而要用who或which来指代the British（当the British的意思是the British people的时候，用who指代，当the British意思是the British government的时候，用which指代，所以如果后面从句用一般现在时，用which relinquishs和who relinquish都是对的）。

做题小tips：
3-2 split以后的两个选项是最让人头疼犹豫的，其实从GMAT的宗旨“前后一致，结构简洁，语义单一而精准”出发思考，问题基本可以迎刃而解。关键不在不会，而是在没想到。培养自己的这个思维，每一个3-2 split出错的题都用GMAT宗旨进行深入分析并记忆，会让你受益匪浅。

本次精华楼层：
5楼 ——若雪(点出了关键所在)
10楼——bbfcsak(bb同志已经领悟通过句意做题的精髓，很赞，但是有的细节还可以sharpen一下:-D)

skyindeer

E 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
A,C its independence & they 指代不明
B 主语错了
D which 同样指代有问题

ganyuan112

D which 是指Britain 没问题啊，个人认为选D吧

beatGmatV

DDDDD

ropingmoon

E.用which的话就代england了，应该代指india.用who

若雪

16. Before its independence in 1947,Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only aftera long struggle by the native people.
        A       Before its independence in 1947, Britainruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
        B       Before independence in 1947, Britain hadruled India as a colony and relinquished power
        C       Before its independence in 1947, Indiawas ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
        D      Before independence in 1947, India hadbeen ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
        E       Before independence in 1947, India hadbeen a colony of the British, who relinquished power

-- by 会员 毛毛carina (2011/9/18 10:12:31)

E吧。。这道题看着短肿么这么纠结！！
在India的1947的独立之前，india是英国的殖民地，英国人在long struggle by native people以后交出了统治权
its指代不清，排除AC 而且AC和B一样都有让人以为independence指英国的修饰错误。
剩下DE,纠结的人生开始了...本来想用who指代人来排除E的，结果发现前面是British= =! 用who竟然是对的...
唯一的差别就是rules as还是直接用be了，觉得rule as怎么看怎么觉得啰嗦，be好像没什么错误....
就E了~

andrewstudio

relinquish的主语应该是人，所以答案应该是E吧。

helio5

16. Before its independence in 1947,Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only aftera long struggle by the native people.
        A       Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
        B       Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
        C       Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
        D      Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
        E       Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

-- by 会员 毛毛carina (2011/9/18 10:12:31)

in my opinion, the answer is D
The subject of main clause should be "India", so we can rule out A&B
In C, "they" actually refers to "India", making a logical mistake. It is Britain that relinquished power in India in 1947.
In E, the verb "rule" is missing, so there is some subtle difference in the meaning of sentence. Moreover, I think that it should be "a colony of Britain", not "a colony of British". Namely, a colony of a country, not a colony of some people. However, I am not very sure about this point. It opens to discuss.
Only in D, India ----------colony-------Britain, they match each other perfectly, in the logical line of the sentence. And "which" refers to Britain correctly.--------------------------9.19换库的分割线----------------------------------------------------------
找了点证据证明E不对
colony在字典里面有如下意思
3. a group of people who are similar in some way and who live together, or the place where they live
　an artists' colony
　a leper colony
4. a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together
　a seal colony
　breeding colonies of rare birds
所以E里面India had been a colony of British, 歧义大大滴

纳丁Cat

Season one——manhattan 16
16. Before its independence in 1947,Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only aftera long struggle by the native people.
       A       Before its independence in 1947, Britainruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
       B       Before independence in 1947, Britain hadruled India as a colony and relinquished power
       C       Before its independence in 1947, Indiawas ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
       D      Before independence in 1947, India hadbeen ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
       E       Before independence in 1947, India hadbeen a colony of the British, who relinquished power

本句的意思是，在它的1947年的独立以前，印度曾经是英国的殖民地，在当地人的长久的奋斗后它重获了政权。

考点：时态，指代。

A Before its independence其中it应该指代后半句主语，Britain，但其实语意应该是India。

B Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power，ruled和relinquished并列，但是relinquished的主语应该是India。

C 在1947年以前，表过去的过去，应该用过去完成时；后句they无指代。

D 正确。

E who只能指代人，不能指代物。

2011finish

india做主语和前面介词短语更match，排除AB；
时态排除C
who只能指人排除E（不同意楼上的楼上，India had been a colony of the British是对的）