【OG12-(21&22)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（11）

泾渭不凡

汇总链接（要求详细说明）：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html
【OG12-(19&20)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（10）链接：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-676870-1-1.html

OG12-21




Line     After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that
the universe is expanding, it became reasonable
to ask: Will the universe continue to expand
indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it for the
(5)mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this
expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that
the critical density of matter needed to brake the
expansion and "close" the universe is equivalent
to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the
(10)density of the observable universe—luminous matter
in the form of galaxies—comes to only a fraction
of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop,
there must be enough invisible matter in the
universe to exceed the luminous matter in density
(15)by a factor of roughly 70.
        Our contribution to the search for this "missing
matter" has been to study the rotational velocity
of galaxies at various distances from their center
of rotation. It has been known for some time that
(20)outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy
luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the
center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass,
most of the mass would be concentrated toward
the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational
(25)velocity would decrease geometrically with distance
from the center, in conformity with Kepler's law.
Instead we have found that the rotational velocity
in spiral galaxies either remains constant with
increasing distance from the center or increases
(30)slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the
falloff in luminous mass with distance from the
center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous
mass.
         Our findings suggest that as much as 90
(35) percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating
at any wavelength with enough intensity to be
detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be
in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass,
of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes,
(40) either small or massive. While it has not yet been
determined whether this mass is sufficient to
close the universe, some physicists consider it
significant that estimates are converging on the
critical value.

泾渭不凡

Questions 115-119 refer to the passage on page 400.

115. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) defending a controversial approach
(B) criticizing an accepted view
(C) summarizing research findings
(D) contrasting competing theories
(E) describing an innovative technique
Main idea
Figuring out the authors' primary concern
depends on a careful review of the passage as a
whole. The first paragraph identifies the larger
question that is the context for the authors'
investigation. The second paragraph presents the
part of the question the authors researched,
concluding with their unexpected results. The
third paragraph explains the importance of these
findings in relation to the larger question of the
universe's possible "close." The authors' primary
purpose in this passage is to summarize the
findings of their research.
A    The authors do not discuss approaches to the
question they research.
B    The authors mention that their findings do
not conform to Kepler's law, but the
passage's primary focus is on summarizing
research findings and not on criticizing any
particular view.
C    Correct. This passage presents a summation
of the findings of the authors' research.
D    The authors do not contrast different
theories in this passage.
E    The authors do not discuss new techniques
in this passage.
The correct answer is C.

116. The authors' study indicates that, in comparison with
the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the
region just outside the nucleus can be characterized
as having
(A) higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(B) lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(C) lower rotational velocity and lower luminosity
(D) similar rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(E) similar rotational velocity and similar luminosity
Inference
In the second paragraph, the authors observe that
outside the bright nucleus ofa typical spiral galaxy
luminosity falls off rapidly (lines 20-21); the region
just outside the nucleus may thus be characterized
as having higher luminosity than the outermost
regions of a spiral galaxy. Their research finds that
the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains
constant with increasing distance from the center or
increases slightly (lines 27-30). The region just
outside the nucleus may thus be characterized as
sharing with the outermost regions of a spiral
galaxy a similar rotational velocity.
A    This region was expected to have higher
rotational velocity, but the research findings
did not corroborate this hypothesis; it is
correct that the region has higher
luminosity.
B    The region does have higher luminosity, but
not lower rotational velocity.
C    The region has neither lower luminosity nor
lower rotational velocity.
D    Correct. The region has similar rotational
velocity and higher luminosity.
E    The region has similar rotational velocity but
higher luminosity.
The correct answer is D.

117. The authors' suggestion that "as much as 90 percent
of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any
wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on
the Earth" (lines 34-37) would be most weakened if
which of the following were discovered to be true?
(A) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of
galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
(B) Luminous and nonluminous matter are
composed of the same basic elements.
(C) The bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy also
contains some nonluminous matter.
(D) The density of the observable universe is
greater than most previous estimates have
suggested.
(E) Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly
for their rotational velocity to be measured.
Application
The authors' conclusion about nonluminous
matter is based on their study of the rotational
velocity of spiral galaxies. If spiral galaxies were
found to be atypical of galaxies, then it would be
possible that, in those other galaxies,
nonluminous matter does not increase as
luminous matter decreases. If this were the case,
the authors' conclusion would be based on a
sample of galaxies not representative of the whole,
and their argument would be seriously weakened.
A    Correct. The authors' conclusion assumes
that spiral galaxies are typical of all galaxies;
information calling that assumption into
question weakens the argument.
B The relation rather than the composition of
luminous and nonluminous mass is relevant
to the conclusion.
C    Nonluminous mass increases as luminous
mass decreases: This finding does not rule
out that the nucleus contains some
nonluminous mass; the argument is not
affected.
D    The density of the observable universe is
only a fraction of the density needed to "close"
the universe, so even if this density were
greater, it is not likely to exceed the density
of nonluminous matter.
E    The authors are concerned only with
measurable rotational velocity.

118. It can be inferred from information presented in the
passage that if the density of the universe were
equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen
atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would
be true as a consequence?
(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.
(B) Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate
at the same velocity.
(C) The universe would continue to expand
indefinitely.
(D) The density of the invisible matter in the
universe would have to be more than 70 times
the density of the luminous matter.
(E) More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies
would have to be located in their nuclei than in
their outer regions.
Inference
An inference is drawn from stated information.
This question refers to the first paragraph, where
the authors explain that the critical density of
matter needed to brake the expansion and "close" the
universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per
cubic meter (lines 7-9). If the density is
significantly less, then the universe will not "close"
but continue to expand indefinitely.
A    The authors' finding that luminosity is not a
true indicator of mass is not derived from
the conclusion that the density is less than
three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.
B     The authors' finding that different regions
rotate at similar velocities does not come
from the hypothesis about the density of the
universe.
C    Correct. If the critical density needed to
"close" the universe is equivalent to three
hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, then a
density of significantly less than this amount
means that the universe will continue its
expansion.
D    This statement would be true of the
hypothetical "close" of the universe, but if the
density is less than three hydrogen atoms
per cubic meter, the universe will continue
its expansion.
E    This statement cannot be inferred from the
hypothesis about the density of the universe.

119. The authors propose all of the following as possibly
contributing to the "missing matter" in spiral galaxies
EXCEPT
(A) massive black holes
(B) small black holes
(C) small, dim stars
(D) massive stars
(E) large planets
Supporting ideas
This question asks the reader to find the list of
possible explanations for the "missing" or dark
matter that the authors give in the passage and to
check that list against the possible answers. Using
the process of elimination will show which
answer is not included on the authors' list. In the
final paragraph, the authors write, Such dark
matter could be in theform of extremely dim stars of
low mass, oflarge planets like Jupiter, or ofblack
holes, either small or massive (lines 37-40).
A    The authors include massive black holes.
B    The authors include small black holes.
C    The authors include small, dim stars.
D    Correct. The authors do not include massive
stars in their list of possible explanations for
"missing matter."
E    The authors include large planets.
The correct answer is D.

泾渭不凡

OG12-22
Line     Jon Clark's study of the effect of the
modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two
(5)lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.
        Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive influence on job skills
(10)and work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization. Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
(15)analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery
reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is
(20)construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.
(25)     The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to
(30)constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
(35)Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
(40)supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work
(45)tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
(50)the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"

泾渭不凡

Questions 120-127 refer to the passage on page 402.

120. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) advocate a more positive attitude toward
technological change
(B) discuss the implications for employees of the
modernization of a telephone exchange
(0   consider a successful challenge to the
constructivist view of technological change
(D) challenge the position of advocates of
technological determinism
(E) suggest that the social causes of technological
change should be studied in real situations
This question asks for an assessment of what the
passage as a whole is doing. The passage
introduces Clark's study as a solid contribution
(lines 3-4) to the debate between technological
determinists and social constructivists. In the
second paragraph, Braverman is introduced as
holding a position of social constructivism, a
position that Clark takes issue with. In the final
paragraph, the passage holds that Clark refutes the
extremes of the constructivists (line 33), and Clark's
arguments challenging social constructivism are
then described.
A    The passage takes no position on the merits
of technological change but is concerned
only with the role of such change in society.
B    The passage mentions telephone exchange
workers as an example that helps illustrate
the more central debate between
determinists and constructivists.
C    Correct. The passage is mainly concerned
with portraying Clark's view as a successful
challenge to constructivism.
D    The passage describes Clark's view as a
successful challenge to social constructivism,
not technological determinism.
E    The passage is concerned with describing a
challenge to social constructivism and not
with suggesting the context in which
technological change ought to be studied.
The correct answer is C.

121. Which of the following statements about the
modernization of the telephone exchange is supported
by information in the passage?
(A) The new technology reduced the role of
managers in labor negotiations.
(B) The modernization was implemented without the
consent of the employees directly affected by it.
(C) The modernization had an impact that went
significantly beyond maintenance routines.
(D) Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized
by the new technology.
(E) The modernization gave credence to the view of
advocates of social constructivism.
Supporting ideas
This question requires recognizing information
contained in the passage. The passage states in the
first paragraph that Clark's study focused on the
modernization of a telephone exchange and the
efFect this had on maintenance work and workers.
After describing Braverman's analysis in the
second paragraph as being at odds with Clark's
views, the passage discusses Clark's views in more
detail in the final paragraph. As part of this
discussion, the passage notes that Clark shows
how a change from maintenance-intensive
electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching
systems at the telephone exchange altered work
tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers (lines 41—46). Thus,
the passage shows that the modernization of the
telephone exchange affected much more than
maintenance routines.
A    The passage does not discuss whether new
technology reduces the role of managers in
labor negotiations.
B    The passage does not discuss the role of
employee consent in the modernization of
the telephone exchange.
C    Correct. The passage states that the
modernization of the telephone exchange
affected tasks, skills, training,
administration, and the organization of
workers.
D    The passage does not suggest that
maintenance workers felt victimized by the
modernization of the telephone exchange.
E    The passage describes modernization as a
fact viewable from a perspective of social
constructivism or technological
determinism, but that does not in itself
support either view.
The correct answer is C.

122. Which of the following most accurately describes
Clark's opinion of Braverman's position?
(A) He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
(B) He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on
the influence of managers.
(D) He admires the consideration it gives to the
attitudes of the workers affected.
(E) He is concerned about its potential to impede
the implementation of new technologies.
(F) He is sympathetic to its concern about the
impact of modern technology on workers.
Inference
Answering this question requires inferring what
the passage's author likely believes. The passage
describes Braverman's position as one of
mainstream social constructivism (lines 23-24), a
position that Clark takes issue with. Although it
describes Braverman's position, the rest of the
passage is devoted to showing how Clark's
position takes issue with Braverman's. In the
second paragraph, the passage describes Clark as
holding that technology can be a primary
determinant of social and managerial organization
(lines 11—12), which suggests that managers are
sometimes subordinate to technological change.
In lines 16-19, however, Braverman is described
as holding that the shape of a technological system is
subordinate to the managers desire to wrest control of
the labor processfrom the workers, which shows that
Clark and Braverman are at odds on this point.
A    Since the passage says that Clark believes an
important insight has been obscured by the
recent sociologicalfashion that Braverman's
views exemplify (lines 12-15), one cannot
infer that Clark respects the popularity of
Braverman's views.
B     Correct. The passage shows that Clark
believes managers to have less influence over
how technology affects an organization than
Braverman claims that they have.
C    The passage does not indicate that Clark
admires any aspect of Braverman's position.
D    The passage does not indicate that Clark
considers impediments to modernization.
E    The passage does not indicate that Clark is
sympathetic to any concerns attributed to
Braverman.
The correct answer is B.

123. The information in the passage suggests that which
of the following statements from hypothetical
sociological studies of change in industry most clearly
exemplifies the social constructivists' version of
technological determinism?
(A) It is the available technology that determines
workers' skills, rather than workers' skills
influencing the application of technology.
(B) All progress in industrial technology grows out
of a continuing negotiation between
technological possibility and human need.
(0   Some organizational change is caused by
people; some is caused by computer chips.
(D) Most major technological advances in industry
have been generated through research and
development.
(E) Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but
educated workers can create whole new skills
areas by the adaptation of the technology.
Application
This question requires understanding different
points of view discussed in the passage. In the
first paragraph, the passage mentions the debate
involving technological determinism and social
constructivism. In the second and third
paragraphs, the passage uses Braverman's analysis
to illustrate the social constructivists' position and
in the third paragraph suggests that the
constructivists are misrepresenting technological
determinism (lines 25-26). In lines 31-32, the
constructivists are reported to hold that
technological determinism views technology as
existing outside society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.
A Correct. This statement is consistent with
the constructivists' view that technological
determinism sees technology as outside of
society, influencing workers' skills.
B    The passage states that the constructivists
hold that technological determinists are
supposed to believe... that machinery imposes
appropriate forms of order on society (lines
27-29), suggesting that no negotiation is
present.
C    According to the description of them in
the passage, constructivists portray
technological determinists as believing that
technology, not people, drives organizational
change.
D    The passage does not portray either
constructivists or determinists as being
concerned with technological research and
development.
E    The passage does not portray either
constructivists or determinists as being
concerned with technology-driven job
elimination or creation.
The correct answer is A.

124. The information in the passage suggests that Clark
believes that which of the following would be true if
social constructivism had not gained widespread
acceptance?
(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize
without considering the social consequences of
their actions.
(B) There would be greater understanding of the
role played by technology in producing social
change.
(C) Businesses would be less likely to understand
the attitudes of employees affected by
modernization.
(D) Modernization would have occurred at a slower
rate.
(E) Technology would have played a greater part in
determining the role of business in society.
Inference
Answering this question involves understanding a
point of view as it is described in the passage. The
passage aligns Clark's study closely with the .
technological determinists, summarizing his view
in lines 11—12: technology can be a primary
determinant of social and managerial organization.
In the following sentence, the passage states that
Clark believes that this possibility is obscured by the
recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
analysis (lines 12-15). After illustrating
Braverman's analysis, the passage then states that
it represents social constructivism.
A According to the passage, Clark holds that
constructivists obscure how modernization
might have social consequences.
B    Correct. According to the passage, Clark
sees constructivism as obscuring the
possibility that technology plays a primary
role in social change.
C    The passage does not discuss how the
attitudes of employees are perceived by their
employers.
D    The passage describes a debate about the
history and sociology of technology; it does
not suggest that sociological analyses affect
the pace of modernization.
E    The passage describes a debate about the
history and sociology of technology; it does
not suggest that sociological analyses affect
the role that technology plays in business.
The correct answer is B.

125. According to the passage, constructivists employed
which of the following to promote their argument?
(A) Empirical studies of business situations involving
technological change
(B) Citation of managers supportive of their position
(0   Construction of hypothetical situations that
support their view
(D) Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of
an opposing view
(E) Descriptions of the breadth of impact of
technological change
Supporting ideas
Answering this question involves recognizing
information given in the passage. The passage
indicates that a debate exists between
technological determinists and social
constructivists, suggesting that these views are in
opposition. The passage goes on to state that
constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting
technological determinism (lines 25-26). This
misrepresentation is presented as the alternative to
constructivism (lines 29-30), suggesting that
constructivists promoted their own view by
contrasting it with a misrepresentation of
determinists' views.
A    The passage mentions empirical studies in
relation to Clark's study but not Braverman's
analysis.
B    The passage does not mention that managers
were supportive of any particular point of
view within the sociology of technology.
C    The passage does not mention any
hypothetical situations as being used by the
constructivists in support of their view.
D    Correct. The passage indicates that the
constructivists have come into fashion by
contrasting their own views with a
misrepresentation of the views of
technological determinists.
E    The passage does not describe the
constructivists as making determinations
regarding the degree of impact that
technological change has on social or
managerial organization.
The correct answer is D.

126. The author of the passage uses the expression "are
supposed to" in line 27 primarily in order to
(A) suggest that a contention made by
constructivists regarding determinists is
inaccurate
(B) define the generally accepted position of
determinists regarding the implementation of
technology
(C) engage in speculation about the motivation of
determinists
(D) lend support to a comment critical of the
position of determinists
(E) contrast the historical position of determinists
with their position regarding the exchange
modernization
Evaluation
This question requires understanding how a
particular phrase functions in the passage as
a whole. In the third paragraph the passage
states that constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism (lines
25-26) and follows this claim with an example of
this misrepresentation, stating that technological
determinists are supposed to believe, for example (lines
27-28). This line implies that the constructivist
view of the determinists is inaccurate.
A    Correct. The passage uses the expression in
part to provide an example of the
constructivists' misrepresentation of the
determinists.
B    The passage indicates that the view
attributed to the determinists is a
misrepresentation, not one that is generally
accepted by determinists.
C    The expression in the passage is part of a
discussion about the motivation of
constructivists, not determinists.
D    The expression in the passage is part of a
discussion that is critical of the
constructivists, not the determinists.
E    The passage does not describe either the
historical position of determinists or their
position on the exchange modernization.
The correct answer is A.

127. Which of the following statements about Clark's study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?
(A) Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman's analysis of the function
of technology.
(B) Clark's study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of conflict between labor and management.
(C) Clark examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.
(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally beneficial to
management and labor.
(E) Clark's analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied.
This question requires understanding what the
passage implies in its discussion of a point of view.
The details of Clark's views are discussed
primarily in the final paragraph. The passage
states that on an empirical level, Clark
demonstrates that technological change regarding
switches at the telephone exchange altered work
tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers (lines 44-46). The
passage goes on to state Clark's contention that
these changes even influenced negotiations
between management and labor unions.
A    The passage indicates that Clark's study
addressed the extremes of both
technological determinism and social
constructivism. It cites Braverman as a
proponent of social constructivism but
provides no evidence that Clark's motivation
in beginning his study was specifically to
target an analysis offered by Braverman.
B    The passage indicates that Clark attributed
some organizational change to the way labor
and management negotiated the
introduction of technology but does not
mention conflict between them.
C    Correct. According to the passage, Clark
concludes that changes to the technology of
switches had an influence on several aspects
of the overall operations and organization of
the telephone exchange.
D    The passage does not indicate that Clark
assesses the benefits of technological change
to either labor or management.
E    The passage indicates that Clark believes the
change in switching technology influenced
many aspects of the overall operations of the
telephone exchange.
The correct answer is C.

pigman007

泾渭不凡

OG12-21

一、回忆（我回视回视回视再回视，脑残小孩儿快乐多吼~）
     evidence 1920s
     问题提出：宇宙会继续扩大膨胀咩？或是可以有足够的什么物质在相互吸引的情况下停止膨胀？
     宇宙膨胀和停止的临界密度：每立方米三个氢原子。
     意思是这个“临界密度”还不够。。还需要考虑luminous matter。
     宇宙要是想停止膨胀，暗物质要超过发光物质->70%.
     “missing matter”从银河星系开始从不同的距离研究银河星系的自转速度。
     预期反对：要是luminosity were a true indicator of mass，情况阐述：大多数物质聚集于中心位置；outsider转速递减。。。依照开普勒定理（原谅文科生吧。。。。）
      转折，研究发现：转速不变，略微上升。
      研究结果显示：luminous mass的减少被暗物质的增加balance。
      作者发现显示：(。。只记住数字90%。。求物理懂的童鞋帮帮ToT。。。。)
      dark matter列举，必出题。
      虽然没有确定是否dark mass足够close the universe，一些物理学家认为估计临界值是很重要的。。。。（饭饭残了。。）


二、文章类型：问题解决型

三、prephase-出题点
       （一）结构题型：首段中两个问题的作用。
       （二）预期反对的总用。
       （三）转速改变和距离变化的问题。
       （四）临界值：含义的考察、数值的考察，此词为本文的关键词。
        （五）列举题：dark matter包含哪些？
        （六）常见主旨、态度题。

泾渭不凡

22绝对素饭饭的“爱人”~~清醒的时候做哇~~

分类：社会科学-结论解释型

Daisy汪

2'32 讲的是宇宙爆炸的事，这种文章我总是记不住写了什么
C 57'
B 5'02
D 2'51
E 1'44
呜呜，错了三题啊！~~~
第二篇太长了。。。晚上回来做~~

colorfullife

俺22看了两遍，似乎明白了，可是题做的那叫一个惨

泾渭不凡

对不起亲们么么。。。饭饭。。。。各种贴的跟帖。。。。有的提示收不到捏。。。。
(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……~~~~各位加油