【OG12-(17&18)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（9）

泾渭不凡

汇总链接（要求详细说明）：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html
【OG12-(15&16)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（8）链接：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-675282-1-1.html

OG12-17


Line    In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The
Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist,
multinational comparison of women's electoral
participation ever to use election data and survey
(5)data together. His study analyzed women's patterns
of voting, political candidacy, and political activism
in four European countries during the first half of
the twentieth century. Duverger's research findings
were that women voted somewhat less frequently
(10)than men (the difference narrowing the longer
women had the vote) and were slightly more
conservative.
        Duverger's work set an early standard for the
sensitive analysis of women's electoral activities.
(15)Moreover, to Duverger's credit, he placed his
findings in the context of many of the historical
processes that had shaped these activities.
However, since these contexts have changed
over time, Duverger's approach has proved more
(20)durable than his actual findings. In addition,
Duverger's discussion of his findings was hampered
by his failure to consider certain specific factors
important to women's electoral participation
at the time he collected his data: the influence
(25)of political regimes, the effects of economic
factors, and the ramifications of political and
social relations between women and men. Given
this failure, Duverger's study foreshadowed the
enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach
(30) to the multinational study of women's political
participation.

泾渭不凡

Questions 91-96 refer to the passage on page 392.

91.  The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) evaluate a research study
(B) summarize the history of a research area
(C) report new research findings
(D) reinterpret old research findings
(E) reconcile conflicting research findings
Main idea
Determining the primary purpose comes from
examining what the author does in the entire
passage. In the first paragraph, the author
explains Duverger's work on women's electoral
participation. In the second paragraph the author
points out both the successes and failures of that
work. The purpose of this passage, then, is to
evaluate Duverger's study.
A    Correct. The author evaluates Duverger's
study of women's electoral activities.
B    This passage examines only one research
study, not an entire research area.
C    Duverger's work was published in 1955; its
findings are not new.
D    The author explains and evaluates
Duverger's findings but does not reinterpret
them.
E    The author's discussion of Duverger's work
does not reveal or attempt to reconcile
conflicting findings.
The correct answer is A.

92.  According to the passage, Duverger's study was
unique in 1955 in that it
(A) included both election data and survey data
(B) gathered data from sources never before used
in political studies
(C) included an analysis of historical processes
(D) examined the influence on voting behavior of the
relationships between women and men
(E) analyzed not only voting and political candidacy
but also other political activities
Supporting ideas
This question is based on information specifically
stated in the first sentence of the passage. The
author introduces Duverger's work by calling it
the first study of women's electoral participation
ever to use election data and survey data together
(lines 3-5).
A    Correct. Duverger's work was unique
because it used election data and survey data
together.
B    The two data types had never before been
used together in such a study; they may well
have been used separately in many earlier
political studies.
C    The second paragraph states that Duverger
placed his findings in the context of
historical processes, but not that he was
unique in doing so (lines 15-17).
D    Duverger compared the frequency and
direction of voting between men and
women, not the effect that their
relationships had on voting (line 27).
E    Duverger's work analyzed political activism,
but the author does not claim that it was
unique in doing so (lines 5—6).
The correct answer is A.

93.Which of the following characteristics of a country is
most clearly an example of a factor that Duverger, as
described in the passage, failed to consider in his
study?
(A) A large population
(B) A predominantly Protestant population
(C) A predominantly urban population
(D) A one-party government
(E) Location in the heart of Europe
Inference
In the second paragraph, the author notes
Duverger's failure to consider... the influence of
political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and
the ramifications of political and social relations
between women and men (lines 22—27). This
question requires checking this list from the
passage against the possible answers; the only
point of convergence is the system of government.
A system of government in which there is only
one political party is a type of political regime.
A    The author does not say that Duverger failed
to consider the size of the population.
B     No evidence shows that Duverger failed to
consider the predominance of a religion.
C    The author does not say that Duverger failed
to consider the location of the population.
D    Correct. According to the author of the
passage, Duverger failed to consider the
influence of political regimes.
E     Duverger is not faulted for failing to consider
the location of the countries that he studied.
The correct answer is D.

94.   The author implies that Duverger's actual findings are
(A) limited because they focus on only four
countries
(B) inaccurate in their description of the four
countries in the early 1950s
(C) out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the
four countries today
(D) flawed because they are based on unsound data
(E) biased by Duverger's political beliefs
Inference
Since the question uses the word implies, the
answer involves making an inference based on the
information in the text. The second paragraph
evaluates Duverger's work. The author notes that
Duverger placed hisfindings in the context of many
ofthe historical processes. Because these contexts
have changed since 1955, the author holds that
Duverger's approach has proved more durable than
his actualfindings. The actual findings, then, are
out-of-date and irrelevant to the countries today.
A    The limitations the author brings up in the
second paragraph have no connection to the
number of countries studied.
B     The limitations the author brings up in the
second paragraph do not suggest that the
findings were inaccurate; rather, they were,
in the author's view, significantly incomplete.
C     Correct. The actual findings, unlike the
research method, are out-of-date and
inapplicable today.
D    The limitations the author brings up in the
second paragraph do not suggest that
Duverger's data were unsound; rather, in the
author's view, they were incomplete and
have become dated.
E     The limitations the author brings up in the
second paragraph do not suggest that
Duverger's findings were politically biased;
rather, in the author's view, they did not take
full enough account of politics.
The correct answer is C.

95. The passage implies that, in comparing four European
countries, Duverger found that the voting rates of
women and men were most different in the country in
which women
(A) were most politically active
(B) ran for office most often
(0   held the most conservative political views
(D) had the most egalitarian relations with men
(E) had possessed the right to vote for the
shortest time
Inference
The comparison of voting rates is discussed at the
end of the first paragraph and forms the basis for
the required inference. Duverger found that
women voted somewhat less frequently than men but
that this difference narrowed the longer the women
had the vote (lines 9-11). That is, there was an
ongoing process of convergence in voting rates for
women and men, as the time period for which
women had the vote lengthened. This suggests
that at one end, when women had been voting for
the shortest time, voting rates were most
dissimilar, and at the other end, when women had
been voting for the longest time, the rates were
most similar.
A    Women's political activism is not suggested
as a reason for the difference.
B    Women's political candidacy is not
suggested as a reason for the difference.
C    Women's political views are not suggested as
a reason for the difference.
D    Women's egalitarian relations with men are
not suggested as a reason for the difference.
E    Correct. Duverger's finding is of (apparently
steady, ongoing) convergence in voting-
frequency rates between women and men
over time. This supports the inference that
the shorter the time period, the less
convergence—i.e., the more divergence—
there is in voting-frequency rates.
The correct answer is E.

96. The author implies that some behavioralist research
involving the multinational study of women's political
participation that followed Duverger's study did which
of the following?
(A) Ignored Duverger's approach
(B) Suffered from faults similar to those in
Duverger's study
(0   Focused on political activism
(D) Focused on the influences of political regimes
(E) Focused on the political and social relations
between women and men
Inference
The final sentence of the passage links Duverger's
study to behavioralist work in general. After
noting Duverger's failure to consider several
important elements, the author observes,
Duverger's study foreshadowed the enduring
limitations of the behavioralist approach to the
multinational study ofwomen's political participation
(lines 28-31). Thus, it is reasonable to infer that
the author is of the opinion that the behavioralist
research that followed Duverger's study suffered
from the same limitations.
A    The author does not imply that other
behavioralists ignored Duverger's approach.
B    Correct. The author says that Duverger's
work revealed the enduring limitations also
found in later behavioralist research.
C    This is not obviously a limitation at all, let
alone one that Duverger's study suffered
from.
D    This is not obviously a limitation at all, let
alone one that Duverger's study suffered
from.
E    This is not obviously a limitation at all, let
alone one that Duverger's study suffered
from.
The correct answer is B.

泾渭不凡

OG12-18
Line      The majority of successful senior managers do
not closely follow the classical rational model of first
clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating
options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a
(5)decision, and only then taking action to implement
the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical
maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is .
vaguely termed "intuition" to manage a network of
interrelated problems that require them to deal with
(10)ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and
to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely
heavily on intuition. In general, however, such
(15)writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.
Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others
view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
         Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive
processes of senior managers reveals that
(20)managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather,
senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct
ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem
exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to
perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This
(25)intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
on years of painstaking practice and hands-on
experience that build skills. A third function of
intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and
practice into an integrated picture, often in
(30)an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use
intuition as a check on the results of more rational
analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with
the formal decision analysis models and tools,
and those who use such systematic methods
(35)for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of
solutions suggested by these methods which run
counter to their sense of the correct course of
action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass
in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a
(40)plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an
almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a
manager recognizes familiar patterns.
          One of the implications of the intuitive style
of executive management is that "thinking" is
(45)inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know"
what is right before they can analyze and explain it,
they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is
inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles,
in which managers develop thoughts about their

泾渭不凡

Questions 97-102 refer to the passage on page 394.

97.   According to the passage, senior managers use
intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
(A) speed up the creation of a solution to a problem
(B) identify a problem
(C) bring together disparate facts
(D) stipulate clear goals
(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem
Supporting ideas
To answer this question, look for information
explicitly stated in the passage. The third
paragraph of the passage describes the five ways
that senior managers use intuition. To find the
one way that is NOT described, go back to the
paragraph and check the possible answers against
the list of the ways provided in the paragraph.
The list includes all the answer choices except
stipulating clear goals.
A    Lines 39-40 state that intuition allows
managers to move rapidly to engender a
plausible solution.
B    Lines 22—23 explain that managers use
intuition to sense when a problem exists.
C    Lines 28-29 say the third function of
intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data
and practice into an integrated picture.
D    Correct. Stipulating clear goals is not
linked with managers' use of intuition.
E    Lines 30-38 show that managers use
intuition as a check on the results of more
rational analysis, when they are leery of
solutions suggested by these methods.
The correct answer is D.

98.  The passage suggests which of the following about
the "writers on management" mentioned in line 12?
(A) They have criticized managers for not following
the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(B) They have not based their analyses on a
sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
(0   They have relied in drawing their conclusions on
what managers say rather than on what
managers do.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use
intuition in making business decisions.
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition
in managerial practice.
Inference
Answering this question depends on making an
inference from the passage. The second paragraph
dismisses most writers on management for
displaying a poor grasp of what intuition is (line
15). The third paragraph, in contrast, describes
Isenberg's research, which shows that senior
managers use intuition in at leastfive distinct ways
(lines 21-22), and those ways are then discussed
in more detail. It can be inferred that Isenberg
understands what most writers on management do
not: how managers use intuition in making
business decisions.
A    The passage does not link these writers with
such a critique of managers.
B     No mention is made in the passage of the
writers' methods.
C    The passage does not indicate that the
writers have examined words at the expense
of actions.
D    Correct. According to the passage, the
writers do not understand what intuition is
or how managers apply it.
E    According to lines 12-15, the writers have
acknowledged that some practicing managers
rely heavily on intuition, but the writers fail
to understand how or why.
The correct answer is D.

99.   Which of the following best exemplifies "an 'Aha!'
experience" (line 30) as it is presented in the passage?
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose
outcome is unpredictable to discover whether
the action changes the problem at hand.
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar
behavior patterns in creative and
uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly
unrelated facts and experiences to create a
pattern relevant to the problem at hand.
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology
used to compile data yielded by systematic
analysis.
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets
of tactics to implement in order to deal with the
contingencies suggested by a problem.
Application
Finding an example involves applying the
information in the passage to new situations.
How do managers reach an "Aha!" experience}
Lines 28-29 clearly explain that this experience is
the result of the managers' ability to synthesize
isolated bits ofdata and practice into an integrated
picture. Managers connect apparently unrelated
pieces of information and elements of their
previous experience, and, through these
unexpected connections, produce a unified picture
or pattern.
A    This managerial style is mentioned in the
last paragraph, but not as defining the "Aha!"
experience.
B     Lines 23—27 indicate that managers use
intuition to perform well-learned behavior
patterns rapidly, but the result is not an
"Aha!" experience.
C    Correct. Through an intuitive appreciation
of the subtle interrelationships of disparate
facts and experiences, the manager all at
once perceives the coherent overarching
pattern or picture formed by the
interconnections, which lines 28-29 define
as an "Aha!" experience.
D    Lines 34—38 show that managers do possess
this ability, but it does not culminate in an
"Aha!" experience.
E    This managerial style is also related to the
second function of intuition, to perform well-
learned behavior patterns rapidly (lines 23—27),
but does not define an "Aha!" experience.
The correct answer is C.

100. According to the passage, the classical model of
decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) evaluation of a problem
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem
(0   establishment of clear goals to be reached by
the decision
(D) action undertaken in order to discover more
information about a problem
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different
solutions to a problem
What does the passage say about the classical
model of decision analysis? The first sentence
defines the classical model as clarifying goals,
assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating
likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then
taking action to implement the decision. To solve this
process-of-elimination question, check the given
list against the possible answers in order to find
the one that does not match. Note that the exact
wording in the answers may differ from that in
the passage; the match is based on underlying
meaning.
A    Evaluating a problem is identified as
assessing the problem.
B     Creating solutions is identified as
formulating options.
C     Establishing goals is identified as clarifying
goals.
D    Correct. Acting in order to learn more
about the problem is not identified in the
passage as part of the rational classical
model. It does appear as part of the acting/
thinking cycle in the last paragraph.
E    Comparing probable effects is identified as
estimating likelihoods of success.
The correct answer is D.

101. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following would most probably be one major
difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses
intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses
only formal decision analysis?
(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts;
Manager Y does not.
(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a
problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y
does not.
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the
solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on
experience in creating a solution to a problem;
Manager X does not.
(E) Manager Y depends on day-to-day tactical
maneuvering; Manager X does not.
Application
To answer this question, apply the information in
the passage to the specific examples of Manager X,
an intuitive decision maker, and Manager Y, who
relies exclusively on formal decision analysis. The
first paragraph distinguishes between the process
of formal decision analysis, in which a decision is
made and then action is taken (lines 4-5), and the
process of intuition, in which action is integrated
into the process of thinking (lines 10-11). The last
paragraph reinforces the definition of the intuitive
manager as one for whom "thinking" is inseparable
from acting and action is often part of defining the
problem. Manager X is likely to act as part of
the process of solving a problem, but Manager Y
is not.
A    Acting only after analysis characterizes the
rational model, not intuition.
B     Systematic analysis is typical of the rational
model, not intuition.
C    Correct. An intuitive manager acts as a step
within the problem-solving process, but a
manager who depends on formal decision
analysis acts only after making a decision.
D    Drawing on experience is linked in the
passage with intuition rather than with
rational analysis; the passage does not
suggest that managers who use formal
decision analysis would ignore their
experience in so doing.
E    Day-to-day tactical maneuvers are required
of all managers.
The correct answer is C.

102. The passage provides support for which of the
following statements?
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more
successful than those who rely on formal
decision analysis.
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
(C) Managers' intuition works contrary to their
rational and analytical skills.
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the
number of possible solutions.
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their
practical experience more efficiently.
Logical structure
This question asks the reader to select the statement
for which there is the most justification in the
passage. The entire passage places value on the use
of intuition, so the answer to this question is bound
to show a benefit of intuition. Lines 25-27 reveal
that intuition is based on years ofpainstaking practice
and hands-on experience and lines 38—40 explain
that, in contrast to formal decision analysis,
intuition allows managers to move rapidly to
engender a plausible solution. Thus, intuition enables
managers to apply their experience quickly and
productively, that is, efficiently.
A The first paragraph acknowledges that most
successful managers are intuitive, but it does
not go so far as to make this comparison.
B    There is no support for or against this
statement in the passage; Isenberg's research
shows why intuition is beneficial, but does
not address how managers justify their
decisions.
C    Intuition does not compete with rational
analysis, but complements it; line 25
provides an assurance that intuition is not
arbitrary or irrational.
D    The passage does not support this claim for
logical analysis.
E    Correct. Managers can reach decisions
more efficiently through an intuitive
approach based on experience than through
time-consuming formal analyses.
The correct answer is E.

泾渭不凡

泾渭不凡

Daisy汪

1'32 看完第一遍，只能知道是在讲一个women的research
1‘18 因为内容记得不是很清楚，然后就看了第二遍。。囧。。。其实逻辑还是没掌握住：第一段是research的简介，是第一个把electical data和survey data结合起来的，第二段讲到了research的failure，具体内容不记得了
第一篇我做的答案是：AADEEA 错了两题，除了前面两题是直接做的，后面每一题都回去看了题目，还是逻辑没掌握清楚啊！
正确率：66.7%

Daisy汪

2’50 看完一遍的时间，讲了manager使用intuition的问题，第二段着重描写了intuition的作用，文中出现了third这样的叙述词，个人感觉要记住后面的内容，（好吧，我实力不够，记不住）
10‘10 整体看完和做完题目的时间，自己做的答案是AECDAE，错了3题，正确率50%是不是很丢人啊
平均每题1.68
额。。。不知道我是不是因为做的太快了，影响到正确率了呢？
捂脸。。苦恼啊
感觉这篇基本都是细节题，都返回文章中去看了。。。。

发现自己一些问题吧：
1、对句子的理解不够，看过去往往还不知道要讲什么，一定要回视才能理解——好吧，这一点我以前一直以为自己还行的，现在发现。。。。╮(╯▽╰)╭
2、看完问题回去找的时候一定要把考察点的上下文给看全啊~很多其他选项都是和上下文相关的！~

Daisy汪

Daisy是第一次来冷饭馆啊~
话说我对饭饭一直抱有敬仰的态度啊，每次看帖子都能看到他的身影~~~~
不过可不可以提个小小的建议呢？
就是可不可以把题目和答案分开来发啊？下拉的时候就不会看到上一题的答案了
或者不方便的话把题目换个颜色，这样就不用找了

只是小小的建议哦

大清早起来做了2篇OG，，好有成就感。。不过自己还是要加油啊，白天会去整理下文章结构，晚上发上来讨论哇

erok

[attachimg]97142[/attachimg][attachimg]97143[/attachimg]