[求助]2772-28/63-q.4, 6

Across

求救!这两个题目很迷惑, 都错两次了...
Passage 28 (28/63)
The settlement of the United States has occupied (occupy: to engage the attention or energies of) traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion. From the perspective of women’s history, Turner’s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback: his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men’s, not women’s, lives on the frontier. However, precisely because of this masculine orientation, revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute.fficeffice" />

Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell (a strong compelling influence or attraction). In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot (a number of associated persons: SET), free from (free from: adv.没有...的) the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist (sexist: n.男性至上主义者) attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”

By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis fell into (fall into: v.落入, 陷于(混乱,错误等)) disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.

4. According to the passage, Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis?

I. A connection between American individualism and economic equality

II. A connection between geographical expansion and social change

III. A connection between social change and financial prosperity

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) III only

(D) I and II only（D）

(E) I, II and III

6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed.

(B) Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.

(C) An important theory and its effects are discussed and then ways in which it has been revised are described.

(D) A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described.（C）

(E) A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.



4.key d
6.key c
到底怎么理解呐?看起来不是很难. 但是段落之间的关系好像不是很理解.

请求指点

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-4-2 14:46:07编辑过]

weiyu

The settlement of the United States has occupied (occupy: to engage the attention or energies of) traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion(自从T的边疆理论－解释了西扩和美国发展的联系－以来，传统历史学家有当地居民担任). From the perspective of women’s history, Turner’s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback: his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men’s, not women’s, lives on the frontier (T的边疆理论的缺陷－没说女性（女性好有地位呀，偶都不平衡了）). However, precisely because of this masculine orientation, revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute（新的修改加入了女性历史和法律，资本，和劳动力的关系（都什么乱七八糟的联系））.

总结：这段主要讲了T的边疆理论和缺陷以及改进的内容

Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality(T的边疆理论描述了个人主义－美国文化的标志－和经济平衡的关系). He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change（边疆理论也是社会变化的原因，agent=cause托福阅读里有原题）. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell (大多数的小说家和历史学家即使考虑西部女性也超不出T的范围（T好有地位）) (a strong compelling influence or attraction). In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot (a number of associated persons: SET), free from (free from: adv.没有...的) the constraints binding their eastern sisters (他们过多渲染了西部女性的好处，自由，能力，毅力和自由（东部女性没自由）). This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist (sexist: n.男性至上主义者) attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”（ETS真罗嗦，前面讲过西部女性的好处，又重复一遍，看来是行数凑不够了）

总结：讲了边疆理论（西扩）－＞社会变化以及和经济平横的关系（这是4题II对的原因），及西部女性社会环境好，东部的不好

By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis fell into (fall into: v.落入, 陷于(混乱,错误等)) disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.

总结：这段更无聊，将了另外两派的观点和一个修改．１Reactionist　(简称R派)：他们认为T是不对的，东部女性环境好，西部的不好（正好和T反了）；2.Stasist（简称S派）：他们认为T和R派是两个极端，其实东西部环境差不多）；一个修改是:R派修改了理论，使其和S派相容．

    fficeffice" />

6题：T的理论被提出，加了点女性内容作为修改．后来又说其错了，提出R派的观点．最后原来T,R都太绝对，给中和了一下．(这都什么乱七八糟的呀，ETS真能胡扯)

Across

明天仔细再读

Across

重读
感谢weiyuGG的讲解!!!!

The settlement of the United States has occupied (occupy: to engage the attention or energies of) traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion(自从T的边疆理论－解释了西扩和美国发展的联系－以来，传统历史学家有当地居民担任). ******这个好像比较迷糊. Occupy 的意思好像是占有你的思维, 让你光想这个, 不想别的. 不是居民的意思吧?????

From the perspective of women’s history, Turner’s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback: his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men’s, not women’s, lives on the frontier (T的边疆理论的缺陷－没说女性（女性好有地位呀，偶都不平衡了）). However, precisely because of this masculine orientation, revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute（新的修改加入了女性历史和法律，资本，和劳动力的关系（都什么乱七八糟的联系））. 嗯, 这里直接翻译好像说的不是在新的修改里面加内容, 是在研究边疆理论的时候, 通过聚焦在女性的历史, 带来了对女性和资本法律等等关系的重新阐述=不过这个重新阐述就是revise了…….

总结：这段主要讲了T的边疆理论和缺陷以及改进的内容 (这个偶是理解了)

Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality (T的边疆理论描述了个人主义－美国文化的标志－和经济平衡的关系). He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change（边疆理论也是社会变化的原因，agent=cause托福阅读里有原题）(呵呵呵, TOEFL很久之前咯, 早忘记咯 查了朗文:Agent: someone or something that affects or changes a situation

agent for/of change Technological advances are the chief agents of change.

Geographical expansion=frontier=western expamsion=西进运动

就是说是边疆带来了社会变化

理解咯这个). Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell (大多数的小说家和历史学家即使考虑西部女性也超不出T的范围（T好有地位）) (a strong compelling influence or attraction). In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot (a number of associated persons: SET), free from (free from: adv.没有...的) the constraints binding their eastern sisters (他们过多渲染了西部女性的好处，自由，能力，毅力和自由（东部女性没自由）). This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist (sexist: n.男性至上主义者) attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”（ETS真罗嗦，前面讲过西部女性的好处，又重复一遍，看来是行数凑不够了）(所以偶们写AWA的时候也要凑行数啊)

总结：讲了边疆理论（西扩）－＞社会变化以及和经济平横的关系（这是4题II对的原因），及西部女性社会环境好，东部的不好   (这个偶大概看题目时候把economic equality 当成financial prosperity咯, 好像是不搭界的, 经济平衡说的是米国全国各地的经济状况类似, 所以是平衡. 到底是不是prosperity经济繁荣, 这里米有讲!!!!)

By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis fell into (fall int v.落入, 陷于(混乱,错误等)) disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.

总结：这段更无聊，将了另外两派的观点和一个修改．１Reactionist　(简称R派)：他们认为T是不对的，东部女性环境好，西部的不好（正好和T反了）；2.Stasist（简称S派）：他们认为T和R派是两个极端，其实东西部环境差不多）；一个修改是:R派修改了理论，使其和S派相容．

6题：T的理论被提出，加了点女性内容作为修改．后来又说其错了，提出R派的观点．最后原来T,R都太绝对，给中和了一下．(这都什么乱七八糟的呀，ETS真能胡扯)

因为frontier thesis里头根本就米有说女性的作用和女性的历史, 所以雪茄们不是对frontier thesis有争议, 是对其进行补充. 对了, 这里的米有说到for and against,说的就是revise the theory 和interpretation.

理解了

全文的文体是: 说明文, 没有作者的态度

全文的结构:

Para1. 这段主要讲了T的边疆理论和缺陷以及改进的内

Para2. 讲了这个边疆理论的效果和某些雪茄的补充

Para3.讲了另外的派别的观点怎么补充.

严重感谢weiyuGG的耐心讲解!!!!!!!!

weiyu

revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute（新的修改加入了女性历史和法律，资本，和劳动力的关系（都什么乱七八糟的联系））. 嗯, 这里直接翻译好像说的不是在新的修改里面加内容, 是在研究边疆理论的时候, 通过聚焦在女性的历史, 带来了对女性和资本法律等等关系的重新阐述=不过这个重新阐述就是revise了…….

weiyu

revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute（新的修改加入了女性历史和法律，资本，和劳动力的关系（都什么乱七八糟的联系））. 嗯, 这里直接翻译好像说的不是在新的修改里面加内容, 是在研究边疆理论的时候, 通过聚焦在女性的历史, 带来了对女性和资本法律等等关系的重新阐述=不过这个重新阐述就是revise了…….

解释的真好，大家都来支持PumpkinMM吧

Across

重新阅读了一遍, 再次感谢GG的解释!!

我爱宝宝

up！

我今天的阅读是....，下午打击的还不够，晚上又来！

好好拿下去学！

amber0919

zxppx

Passage 28 (28/63)The settlement of the United States has occupied (occupy: to engage the attention or energies of) traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion.说明F的理论与地理位置上的扩张有关 From the perspective of women’s history, Turner’s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback: his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men’s, not women’s, lives on the frontier.指出F的理论存在的问题However, precisely because of this masculine orientation, revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women’s experience introduces new themes into women’s history—woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur—and, consequently, new interpretations of women’s relationship to capital, labor, and statute.由于F完全是从男性角度来考虑的，所修改的时候关注了女性的经历
Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture, and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell (a strong compelling influence or attraction). In their works these authors tended to glorify women’s contributions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian tradition, were a fiercely independent, capable, and durable lot (a number of associated persons: SET), free from (free from: adv.没有...的) the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist (sexist: n.男性至上主义者) attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”
By the middle of the twentieth century, the Frontier Thesis fell into (fall into: v.落入, 陷于(混乱,错误等)) disfavor among historians. Later, Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy回避了好与坏的二分法，说明S没有走极端主义 and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-standard text, Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.
1.     The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) provide a framework within which the history of women in nineteenth-century America can be organized
(B) discuss divergent interpretations of women’s experience on the western frontier
(C) introduce a new hypothesis about women’s experience in nineteenth-century America
(D) advocate an empirical approach to women’s experience on the western frontier（B）
(E) resolve ambiguities in several theories about women’s experience on the western frontier
2.     Which of the following can be inferred about the novelists and historians mentioned in lines 19-20?
(A) They misunderstood the powerful influence of constrictive stereotypes on women in the East.
(B) They assumed that the frontier had offered more opportunities to women than had the East.
(C) They included accurate information about women’s experiences on the frontier.
(D) They underestimated the endurance and fortitude of frontier women.（B）
(E) They agreed with some of Turner’s assumptions about frontier women, but disagreed with other assumptions that he made.
3.     Which of the following, if true, would provide additional evidence for the Stasists’ argument as it is described in the passage?
(A) Frontier women relied on smaller support groups of relatives and friends in the West than they had in the East.
(B) The urban frontier in the West offered more occupational opportunity than the agricultural frontier offered.
(C) Women participated more fully in the economic decisions of the family group in the West than they had in the East.
(D) Western women received financial compensation for labor that was comparable to what women received in the East.（D）
(E) Western women did not have an effect on divorce laws, but lawmakers in the West were more responsive to women’s concerns than lawmakers in the East were.
4.     According to the passage, Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis?
I.      A connection between American individualism and economic equality
II.    A connection between geographical expansion and social change   第一段提到的westward expansion
III.   A connection between social change and financial prosperity
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only（D）
(E) I, II and III
5.     It can be inferred that which of the following statements is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is described in the passage?
(A) Continuity, not change, marked women’s lives as they moved from East to West.
(B) Women’s experience on the North American frontier has not received enough attention from modern historians.
(C) Despite its rigors, the frontier offered women opportunities that had not been available in the East.
(D) Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East.（D）
(E) Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.
6.     Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed.
(B) Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.
(C) An important theory and its effects are discussed and then ways in which it has been revised are described.
(D) A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described.
并不是“有争议的”，而是缺乏对于女性的考虑。所以修改的时候加入了女性的观点（C）
(E) A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.
7.     Which of the following is true of the Stasist School as it is described in the passage?
(A) It provides new interpretations of women’s relationship to work and the law.
(B) It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.
(C) It has recently been discounted by new research gathered on women’s experience.
文中说没有被不重视
(D) It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women’s history.（D）
(E) It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.