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*11. 新西兰的老鼠实验 New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought Science Daily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests. An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonization is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC. The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed. Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna. “As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Ther efore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands. “These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University. Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said. With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD.
Q1. 主旨题
我选的是证明说人类最早出现在BC200的那个/说明了一个研究,并且用这个研究去反对前面研究的结果.lab process有错)
Q2.有一题考的是第三段中的research说明一下哪个是对的
Q3. 有一题目是说最后一段的作用
我选的是这个研究结果对其他领域研究的影响
Q4. 还有题说怎样能使某team的说法不成立 我选的是那些种子上的咬痕是别的动物的…(不确定)
Q5.还有题问哪个是正确的 A 某team research 很surprise地发现是1280年的(错,因为和之前research 相符) B 某team 的sample和96年的是一致的 C 96年的research 没看到4000年的种子作为证据…(有可能是另外题里的…)
Q6.有道推断题
选项有:生态系统改变是人类活动和其它因素(因为题目中有说rat使很多物种灭绝,V31本月狗主)
defrostation是几种鸟类的灭绝导致的
Q7. 从老鼠咬痕证明新西兰人是AD1200年以后出现的,而不是BC200.考题
Q8. 文章最后一段是说,人类最早出现在AD1200-1300的证据说明deforest一系列生态现象的发生不是2000年前,而是600年前,这句话有考题
Q9. 还考到了一篇是讲new zeland的,关于pollution的。大致是先提到以前的研究认为这个地方开始有生物是什么什么时候,第二段说谁在哪儿发现了rat的骨头还是化石好像,总之最后说那个地方有人类有生物被污染是近600年的事(这是到考题)
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