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LZ帮忙确认一下好吗 *12. 苏联生物学家的进化论观点
一、主旨
IIS和TDL两个人对于neo理论的观点对比……
二、 段落大意
P1.是综述他俩观点的不同,主要分歧点在遗传和环境的关系上。讲述TDL给了IIS怎样的影响。讲苏联生物学家IIS支持neo Darwinism,(狗主猜测可能就是达尔文的进化论)。然后叙述了一下neo Darwinism的观点,什么适者生存,不适者被淘汰,大家都学过的。但是另一个苏联生物学家TDL(李森柯)提出反对,认为环境的改变会给生物带来一些ungenetic traits,这些traits也可以inherit到下一代。IIS观点的大概意思是人适应环境,随之改变。TDL那哥们的意思是不管怎么样,都是通过基因遗传给后代的。
P2. 讲了其中一个科学教对于另一个的影响。
第一句就说说IIS那哥们的观点虽然被TDL(李森柯)那哥们给毁了,但也是有其可取之处的。IIS处于那种环境不像别的国家的科学家可以不理TDL(李森柯)这个鸟人,除了苏联的其他国家和地区的人们都反对TDL生物学家,对其的观点不予考虑,IIS反而从TDL(李森柯)的理论中发现了一些有益的东东。大概是因为TDL的理论在苏联流行导致IIS的理论不被赞同。
三、题目
Q1. 主旨题
我选的是contrast了两个生物学家的思想。
Q2. 两位科学家主要不一致的是什么?/ IIS与TDL的持有理论的区别?
Q3. 什么地方体现了后者对前者的影响?/ TDL对IIS有什么影响?
都说到了环境的影响,主要出现在第一段 有个选项是,TDL认为环境对遗传有影响,但IIS不认为
Q4. 以下哪个关于B生物学家思想的说法是正确的。
第一个选项里面出现了我们伟大的祖国!= =,说除了苏联和中国,其他地方都反对B的思想,鄙视他的观点,文中根本没有提到China,所以这个是错误的;
还有一个选项是说记者拒绝报道B的思想,也是不对的。
Q5. 问TDL的思想的最大的特点是什么?
我选的是可以inherit ungenetic traits,大家看看就好,仅供参考哈!
四、备注
这篇不长, 3/4版左右. 狗主反应“根本不懂它在讲什么啊”
IIS那个就两段,主要讲的是IIS不是TDL要弄清楚两人理论的区别
TDL主要出现在第一段,第二段也在讲IIS的理论后来又怎么流行怎么综合了TDL和新达尔文。
五、背景知识 1、50年代在苏联由T.D.李森科(jj里提到的那位苏联盆友是也)所标榜的米丘林学说,强调生物在环境的直接影响下能够定向变异、获得性能够遗传。所有这些观点被称为neo新拉马克主义。
2、Dobzhansky 的现代达尔文主义:现代综合进化论不同于传统的darwinism和neo darwinism,彻底否定获得性状的遗传,强调进化的渐进性,认为进化是群体而不是个体的现象。引入了群体遗传学的原理,弥补了新达尔文主义基因论的不足。并重新肯定了自然选择的压倒一切的重要性,继承和发展了达尔文进化学说。
六、匹配原文 Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen(简称S)was a Soviet evolutionary biologist working at the Academy of Sciences in Minsk. In the 1940's his book "Factors of Evolution" appeared and was denounced(谴责, 告发, 通告废除) by T.D. Lysenko, whose neo-Lamarckian(这是L这个人的理论) theories of genetics were then on the ascendancy( 统治权, 支配力量). At the close of the 1948 Congress of the Timiryazev Academy of Agricultural Science it was revealed that Stalin had endorsed Lysenko's report to the Congress in which it was affirmed that the environment can alter the hereditary makeup of organisms in a directed way by altering their development。(斯大林都表示支持,可见L的理论在苏联的地位,L认为环境可以直接影响遗传)
In the West, Lysenko's views were simply dismissed.(在西方不受重视)But Schmalhausen could not ignore the Lysenko agenda which insisted on a more complex interpenetration of heredity and environment than genetics generally recognized. (这里讲因为大家都认可L的理论,所以S也不能无视)Along with Marxist and progressive scientists in the west such as C.D. Waddington in the UK, he accepted rather than ignored the challenge. As a result he developed a more sophisticated approach to these interactions which explained the observations of some of the better studies cited by Lysenkoists。
Schmalhausen argued that natural selection was not only directional, producing new adaptations to new circumstances, but stabilizing. That is, if a characteristic of a species causes it to be well adapted, then random variation in the characteristic caused by external or internal disturbances would reduce the fitness of the organism, so natural selection will operate to prevent such disturbances(这里讲了S支持natural selection的理由)
Schmalhausen’s realization that natural selection operates to change the sensitivity of physiology and development to perturbations, but that this selection operates only under the usual and normal range of environmental and genetic variations experienced by the species in its evolution, leads to a result with very wide implications. That result, which we shall call “Schmalhausen’s Law”(这个理论是S最著名的理论), is that when organisms are living within their normal range of environment, perturbations in the conditions of life and most genetic differences between individuals have little or no effect on their manifest physiology and development, but that under severe or unusual general stress conditions even small environmental and genetic differences have major effects
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