淡水pond，已确认，正确版本在4楼~~多谢狗主

虚实之间

我三月已经考完了~一直想回报CD，奈何最近事情特别多，没法报名整理狗狗~怕耽误了大家的时间~刚才看到有人放阅读狗，这个是一月的JJ~求狗主确认~大家加油！！请大家灰到4楼看确认版本袄~~

Fresh/Permanent water pond
V1. By f430spider Math50 + Verbal37 = 720
还考了一个长阅读。说的是在freshwater pond和permanent water pond. fresh water pond的生物种类。一种观点说，生物要在freshwater dry up 之前繁衍，达到这一要求的生物不多，所以他们的种类较少。由此可推，在permanent pond李的种类应该比较多，然而，研究发现permanent里可以只有一种， 但是 freshwater 里面又可以有很多种。另一种观点出现。认为freshwater pond生物主要面临的困难是competition of resources and 要在water dryup之前减数分裂？，繁衍。permanent water pond的生物主要面临的问题是来自prayer的，多于来自resource competition。
考古 引用 gog1943
根据forevercoco找到的PDF文件，全文共29页，我大致看了一下，后面的内容分的太详细了，摘要的内容就已经涵盖了狗主们说的重点，但是狗主们只说过有3段，没说有多长，我算了一下，摘要共212个字，如果按6个字一行的排版，在35行左右，算是正常的篇幅吧（参考GWD的RC长度），不过摘要没有分段，所以请狗主们确认下是否原文，O(∩_∩)O谢谢
Lentic freshwater habitats in temperate regions exist along a gradient from small ephemeral ponds to large permanent lakes. This environmental continuum is a useful axis for understanding how attributes of individuals ultimately generate structure at the level of the community. Community structure across the gradient is determined by both (a) physical factors, such as pond drying and winter anoxia, that limit the potential breadth of species distributions, and (b) biotic effects mediated by ecological interactions, principally predation, that determine the realized success of species. Fitness tradeoffs associated with a few critical traits of individuals often form the basis for species turnover along the gradient. Among species that inhabit temporary ponds, distributions are often constrained because traits that enhance developmental rate and competitive ability also increase susceptibility to predators. In permanent ponds, changes in the composition of major predators over the gradient limit distributions of prey species because traits that reduce mortality risk in one region of the gradient cause increased risk in other regions of the gradient. Integrated across the gradient, these patterns in species success generate distinct patterns in community structure. Additionally, spatial heterogeneity among habitats along the gradient and the fitness tradeoffs created by this heterogeneity may hold important evolutionary implications for habitat specialization and lineage diversification in aquatic taxa.

yuzhengyan

up

Allenisland

感觉不是，应该是这篇的变体，不过有关键词ephemeral全文都在说这玩意儿

Allenisland

第三段后面不一样

虚实之间

第三段后面不一样

-- by 会员 Allenisland (2012/5/4 15:02:44)

这个呢？？

生物种群的多样性（死水，活水）
V1 by沫澧 700
对比死水和活水里生物种群的多样性(这篇很坑爹。。。这篇生物专业术语特别多) 说活水和死水里生物种群的多样性是不一样的，但是为什么捏
第二段说在活水里可能是因为物种繁殖的速度决定了这个物种是否能存活，繁殖速度足够快（我猜是说不能在还没生出一堆小宝宝之前就被悲催的冲走了），才能在活水里存活下来。如果这是唯一的原因的话，死水里的种群多样性应该高于活水，但是捏，你懂得，没有这么简单。。。科学家们又发现，一些死水里的种群还不如活水多，介个又是为什么捏~ 第三段来鸟~~
第三段科学家又说，这可能是因为死水里捕食者predator多，使得死水里生物种类少。而活水里捕食者少，各种群之间主要为了争夺有限的资源而发生矛盾，限制了他们的数量
V3 by bmny 720
有一篇阅读讲的是阶段性干涸的水里的鱼和永不干涸的水里的鱼，单词意思不是很理解，不知道是不是这个意思
第二段，阶段性干涸的水里的鱼繁殖后代的时间不够（因为水干了后代就孵不出来了），然后怎么怎么地就推出阶段性干涸的水里的鱼的variety应该比永不干涸的水里的多，但是事实却不是这样的。某人研究发现，这是因为永不干涸的水里，predator也比较多。
第三段就讲，这个predator多了以后，永不干涸的水里的鱼的种内（还是种间？）竞争（竞争食物和空间）就少了。
有一个问题问的是阶段性干涸的水里的鱼的竞争方式，不知道我有没有看反。。。
V4 by joandjaygbd 710
讲一种temporary habitat 和permanent habitat之间community diversity还是difference什么的~~不太记得了
temporary物种少，predator少，所以survival主要依靠resource competition
permanent物种多，large predator多，所以survival就靠avoid predator的捕食。。。
这篇文章第三段全highlight了，超鲜艳~~
V5 by 小右twister 700+
关于composition of different ponds 对同一种动物生存的影响
一个是ephemeral的池塘，一个是permanent的池塘，对同一种tadpole
在ephemeral的池塘中，tadpole多为同类竞争；在permanent的池塘中，tadpole主要面对predator的竞争（嘿~我可能记反了，还有其他一些因素的影响，比如tadpole的成长期什么的。。。。）
V6 by 慕小蕾 700+
死水活水的那个。一个是E开头的水，一个是P开头的水。
   先说动物在E中能否存活，取决于development的时间，如果还没development完水就dry up了，就不能存活。这样说来E中的生物应该比P生物多，但是发现并不是这样。
   然后科学家就研究了predator 和 competition of resources(不是这个词，意思差不多）的关系。得出结论E中的生物更需要为了resource来compete的能力，而P中的生物更需要抵御predator的能力。（这边有题）
V7 by 13711
超长的一篇死水中的生物和活水中的生物，也是和寂静比较像离考古比较远，而且好像没看到关于diversity的过多讨论，竞争方式肯定有问到题目，而且还有一道取非题，答案就是把活水里是捕食者大于种间竞争反过来，说在死水里种间竞争比较多，记得出处实在文章最后一段最后倒数五行左右的地方，就是很后面啦。
V8 by mijiantrue
问到如果E塘里的生物到P塘，最可能发生什么结果？ 我选生存不下去，大量减少这个选项
V9 by icafe 700
P1关于某种动物，好像是蟾蜍，他们的栖息地有两：一种是一年干涸一次的,另一种是一年到头都有水的。然后说了一下在干涸地区的蟾蜍有某种能力适应这种水由有到无的变化
P2科学家们就想了，在上述这种情况下，常年有水的地区的蟾蜍种类应该很多，他们资源好嘛。然而科学家发现（发现的内容有考题）常年有水地区的蟾蜍物种单一，而另一地区的蟾蜍种类去比较多（问题是如果科学家的假设是正确的，他们应该发现什么现象）
P3科学家解释原因，因为有水地区捕食者也比较多，蟾蜍内部竞争激烈，要消灭一些种类来保证资源，所以物种单一，只剩 下最强的物种，而在干涸地区基本没有捕食者，所以各种类各自繁殖，种类比较多（最后一段全部high黄问科学家发现的现象的原因）
还有一道主旨题
V10 by balgirl 760
蝌蚪在不同水塘里的生物的多样性
好像有4道题，但是我只能想起来2个
(1)主旨：
discuss the reasons for composition of certain animal community
(2)问到如果E塘里的生物到P塘，最可能发生什么结果？
会被predator捕食

背景知识
Natural aquatic habitats include ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, springs, estuaries, bays, and various types of wetlands. Some of these habitats are shallow and others deep, some are cold-water and others warm-water, some are freshwater and others saltwater, and some have high oxygen levels and others little oxygen.
Aquatic habitats can be classified as:
?    non-flowing waters like lakes and ponds,
?    slowly-flowing waters like marshes and swamps, and
?    flowing waters like rivers and streams.
Aquatic ecosystems consist of living organisms together with their nonliving habitat. Although the ecosystem concept is a useful one, the exact definition is somewhat arbitrary. For example, an ecosystem can range in size from a small water droplet to the vast oceanic ecosystem, and the upper, lower, and horizontal boundaries are often not well established.
背景知识2 by 亦忧
Lentic freshwater habitats in temperate regions exist along a gradient from small ephemeral ponds to large permanent lakes. This environmental continuum is a useful axis for understanding how attributes of individuals ultimately generate structure at the level of the community. Community structure across the gradient is determined by both (a) physical factors, such as pond drying and winter anoxia, that limit the potential breadth of species distributions, and (b) biotic effects mediated by ecological interactions, principally predation, that determine the realized success of species. Fitness tradeoffs associated with a few critical traits of individuals often form the basis for species turnover along the gradient. Among species that inhabit temporary ponds, distributions are often constrained because traits that enhance developmental rate and competitive ability also increase susceptibility to predators. In permanent ponds, changes in the composition of major predators over the gradient limit distributions of prey species because traits that reduce mortality risk in one region of the gradient cause increased risk in other regions of the gradient. Integrated across the gradient, these patterns in species success generate distinct patterns in community structure. Additionally, spatial heterogeneity among habitats along the gradient and the fitness tradeoffs created by this heterogeneity may hold important evolutionary implications for habitat specialization and lineage diversification in aquatic taxa.

Allenisland

bingo ～和v1 700分那位说的一模一样

虚实之间

bingo ～和v1 700分那位说的一模一样

-- by 会员 Allenisland (2012/5/4 15:09:59)

多谢狗主了~~~大家爱你~

Allenisland

bingo ～和v1 700分那位说的一模一样

多谢狗主了~~~大家爱你~

晚上再放别的狗，太多了手机打不方便…

lwy19920110

big thanks!!! 一起加油吧！！

Yuke1212

谢谢楼主和狗主！