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1.
Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual. The argument proceeds by
Method: Your job is to match their language to what occurred in the stimulus.
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion
Actually, these evidences are relevant to each other. (B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
One alternative possibility is indeed ruled out, but not all alternative possibilities, such as Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. (C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case
Yes, in this case, the public holiday is the general rule, while it is applied to the day that garbage is collected. BA (D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
In fact, this answer reverses the relationship. Besides, it is too strong. (E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
What’s inevitable? Not referred.
113. (32778-!-item-!-188;#058&006823) (GWD 17-Q41)
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
114. (29014-!-item-!-188;#058&003730) (GWD 12-Q38) Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
In fact, this answer choice rules out another way to control the fever. However, it does not strengthen the experts’ prediction. B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
This answer points out a result of the fever, but why will the use of the vaccine increase significantly within the next few years? C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
The time to produce vaccine is irrelevant. D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
These people are indeed harmed by the fever, but they cannot afford the expensive vaccine. E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
In this case, it points out that it is very important for farmers to use the vaccine, considering an outbreak of Rift Valley fever within two to five months. BA
115. (24593-!-item-!-188;#058&001109) (T-3-Q29)
The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law. New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions. These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion. Which of the following, if known, would be most relevant to evaluating the claim above about how new coal-burning plants could save money?
A. Whether existing oil-burning plants are required to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions
Shell Game: oil-burning plants are outside the scope of the argument. Besides, from the first sentence, the emission of sulfur dioxide is restricted by law. B. Whether the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in a new plant is less than the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in an older plant
The comparison between a new plant and an older plant is irrelevant. C. Whether the process of cleaning the coal is more expensive than the process of filtering the emissions
Even though the installing expense of cleaning equipment is less than that of filtering equipment, if the process of cleaning the coal is more expensive than the process of filtering the emissions, the cleaning equipment is not better. Otherwise, the cleaning equipment is better. BA D. Whether lawful emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning plants are damaging the environment
The result of lawful emissions of sulfur dioxide is outside the scope of the argument. E. Whether existing plants that use the filtering equipment could replace this equipment with the cleaning equipment and still compete with new plants that install the cleaning equipment
Actually, this answer choice has no effect on the argument, since whether existing plants that use the filtering equipment could replace this equipment with the cleaning equipment to compete with plants that install the cleaning equipment cannot demonstrate which equipment is better.
116. (30096-!-item-!-188;#058&005070) (T-9-Q18 different type) The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
两个时间是否一致 In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether the survey collected information about the amount of money respondents spent on free-time media use
The amount of money spent on free-time media use is irrelevant. B. Whether the amount of time spent watching television is declining among people who report that they rarely or never use computers
People who report that they rarely or never use computers is minority, and they cannot be representative. C. Whether the type of television programs a person watches tends to change as the amount of time spent per week using computers increases
The type of television programs is outside the scope of the argument. D. Whether a large majority of the computer owners in the survey reported spending increasing amounts of time per week using computers
We can know that a large majority of respondents spent increasing amounts of time per week using computers. But whether they are computer owners has no effect on the argument. E. Whether the survey respondents’ reports of time spent using computers included time spent using computers at work
Since the argument talks about free time, if the respondents spend time to work with computer, then the survey is highly doubtful. BA
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