【每日逻辑练习第二季【2-3】

bananazoo

今天发晚了~电脑坏了，囧~开不了机。。。希望里面的一切都在~用同学的电脑来发作业~~~
不过我们不会被任何困难打到,对不对~大家加油！
【精练】
4. Amphibian populations are declining in numbers
worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth’s ozone
layer has been continuously depleted throughout the
last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a
type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously
produced by the sun, and which can damage genes.
Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to
shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B
radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the
protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the
primary cause of the declining amphibian population
is the depletion of the ozone layer.
Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the
argument EXCEPT:
(A) Of the various types of radiation blocked by
atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type
that can damage genes.
(B) Amphibian populations are declining far more
rapidly than are the populations of
nonamphibian species whose tissues and
eggs have more natural protection from
UV-B.
(C) Atmospheric ozone has been significantly
depleted above all the areas of the world in
which amphibian populations are declining.
(D) The natural habitat of amphibians has not
become smaller over the past century.
(E) Amphibian populations have declined
continuously for the last 50 years.

【逻辑链】
17.
At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.  However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities.  Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables.  Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.
The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that
(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available
(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals
(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering
(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer
(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables

18.
The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will require considerable investment.  However, the only significant economic activity in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to charge to make a profit.  Nevertheless, Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Calex's contention?
(A) Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.
(B) In the coastal areas of Caladia where Calex proposes to introduce cellular telephone service, there is currently no fixed-line telephone service because fixed-line companies do not believe that they could recoup their investment.
(C) A cellular telephone company can break even with a considerably smaller number of subscribers than a fixed-line company can, even in areas such as the Caladian coast, where there is no difficult terrain to drive up the costs of installing fixed lines.
(D) Calex bases its monthly fees for cellular telephone service in a given region partly on the cost of installing the necessary equipment to provide the service there.
(E) Calex has for years made a profit on cellular telephone service in Caladia's capital city, which is not far from the coastal region.

19.
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia and with previously established companies adding many jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy.  This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year.  Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
(A) Each year, new companies starting up create more new jobs overall than do previously established companies.
(B) Companies established last year will not add a greater number of jobs overall this year than they did last year.
(C) This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.
(D) This year, the overall number of jobs created by previously established companies will be less than the overall number of jobs lost at those companies.
(E) The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost last year.

20.
During the past year, Pro-Tect Insurance Company's total payout on car-theft claims has been larger than the company can afford to sustain.  Pro-Tect cannot reduce the number of car-theft policies it carries, so it cannot protect itself against continued large payouts that way.  Therefore, Pro-Tect has decided to offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies whose cars have antitheft devices.  Many policyholders will respond to the discount by installing such devices, since the amount of the discount will within two years typically more than cover the cost of installation.  Thus, because cars with antitheft devices are rarely stolen, Pro-Tect's plan is likely to reduce its annual payouts.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first and the second are both evidence offered by the argument as support for its main conclusion.
(B) The first presents a problem a response to which the argument assesses; the second is the judgment reached by that assessment.
(C) The first is the position the argument seeks to establish; the second is a judgment the argument uses to support that position.
(D) The first is a development that the argument seeks to explain; the second is a prediction the argument makes in support of the explanation it offers.
(E) The first presents a development whose likely outcome is at issue in the argument; the second is a judgment the argument uses in support of its conclusion about that outcome.
(A) The first and the second are both evidence offered by the argument as support for its main conclusion.
(B) The first presents a problem a response to which the argument assesses; the second is the judgment reached by that assessment.
(C) The first is the position the argument seeks to establish; the second is a judgment the argument uses to support that position.
(D) The first is a development that the argument seeks to explain; the second is a prediction the argument makes in support of the explanation it offers.
(E) The first presents a development whose likely outcome is at issue in the argument; the second is a judgment the argument uses in support of its conclusion about that outcome.

bananazoo

逻辑链答案：C A C B选中前面的看到答案~
精练解析：
This question is much more difficult than the previous question, in part because
one of the wrong answer choices is very attractive.
The conclusion of the argument is a causal statement that the depletion of the
ozone layer is the primary cause of the declining amphibian population:
DO = depletion of the ozone layer
DA = decline of amphibian population
C                E
DO -----> DA
This conclusion is based on the fact that the ozone layer blocks harmful UV-B
radiation, which amphibians are vulnerable to in both adult and egg form.
Although the argument mentions UV-B radiation, which may sound impressive,
the structure of the reasoning is easy to follow and no knowledge of the
radiation is needed. The conclusion is clearly stated and easy to spot due to the
indicator “thus.” The question stem is a StrengthenX and therefore the four
incorrect answers will each strengthen the argument. As with the previous
question, look for answers that fit the five causal strengthening answer types
discussed earlier.
Answer choice (A): This is the correct answer. The answer fails to shed any
light—positive or negative—on the connection between the ozone depletion
and the amphibian population decline. Because the argument is concerned with
the damage done by UV-B radiation, the fact that UV-B is the only damaging
type of radiation blocked by ozone is irrelevant.
Answer choice (B): This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing
that when the cause is absent in nonamphibian populations, the effect does not
occur (Type C).
Answer choice (C): This answer strengthens the argument by showing that the
areas of ozone depletion and amphibian decline match each other, thereby
affirming the data used to make the conclusion (Type E).
Answer choice (D): This was the answer most frequently chosen by test takers.
This answer choice strengthens the argument by eliminating an alternate cause
for the effect (Type A). Had the natural habitat become smaller over the years
(from say, human encroachment or climatic change) then that shrinkage would
have offered an alternate explanation for the decline in the amphibian
population. By eliminating the possibility of habitat shrinkage, the stated cause
in the argument is strengthened.
Answer choice (E): This answer strengthens the argument by showing that the
decline of the amphibians has mirrored the decline of the ozone layer, thereby
affirming the data used to make the conclusion (Type E).

bananazoo

自己占楼~
大冬天的坐暖暖的沙发！
好久没做作业了~惭愧下，最近事情乱七八糟的，诶~，慢慢理顺吧~
从明天做小分队作业开始~
加油！

17

题目到底是不是削弱？还是加强呢？

Theargument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason tobelieve that it is likely that（削弱）

Background：H R has onlystandard-height tables.

P: in order to have a better view of the celebrities,customers prefer tall tables.

  Moreover,the time a dinner stay on such table will be less.

恩，这个酒店的位置看不到社会名流？

还有就是moreover里的提示，在这样的桌上的dinner不会长久，会不会也不贵？

(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to beseen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available这个选项的意思？

(B) the price of meals ordered by celebritiesdining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spendlingering over their meals（？？？看不懂）

(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall tablewould be an exception to the generalization about lingering（加强）

(D)a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically orderless expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer ----- right

(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all theHollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view exceptof other tall tables（也是削弱。。。诡辩？）

18

(A)Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to localbuyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers areunable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higherprices.

就是说，如果他们装了电话这类的东西~就会有机会和外界联系，收入增加，然后就有钱支付给这个公司，然后C公司就会盈利了~

(B) In the coastal areas of Caladia where Calexproposes to introduce cellular telephone service, there is currently nofixed-line telephone service because fixed-line companies do not believe thatthey could recoup their investment.（和你盈不盈利无关）

(C) A cellular telephone company can break evenwith a considerably smaller number of subscribers than a fixed-line companycan, even in areas such as the Caladian coast, where there is no difficultterrain to drive up the costs of installing fixed lines.？？？

(D)Calex bases its monthly fees for cellular telephone service in a given regionpartly on the cost of installing the necessary equipment to provide the servicethere.

(E) Calex has for years made a profit on cellulartelephone service in Caladia's capital city, which is not far from the coastalregion.无关

点评：这题觉得自己A,D选不出来，d的意思是不是说fee可以从与这个service有关的领域来？还是从别处来？A的话，觉得蛮对的，就是有些绕远了来赚钱的感觉。。。。

fox0923

在bana楼下~~占位子~~bana明天早上再回去看看电脑里的东西，可能就是死机了而已，不用担心，别忘了早睡觉~-------------------------------------------------------------------
精练------------------55s-----------------strengthen except
B: The A. population has been declined.
P1: The ozone blocks UV-B, which produced by sun and damage the genes.
P2: Since the A. people lack of hair and other features.
C: So the reason of decline of population must be the depletion of ozone layer.
Prephrase: B. population's decline is due to the depletion of ozone layer.


Analysis:
(A) Of the various types of radiation blocked by
atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type
that can damage genes.---------------------------------------------this choice is wrong because it sounds to restate the premise and there's no correlation between ozone layer and the decline of population. 但和D相比较还是觉得A有点support的感觉，所以选了D。
(B) Amphibian populations are declining far more
rapidly than are the populations of
nonamphibian species whose tissues and
eggs have more natural protection from
UV-B.-------------------------------------------------------------------support that the non-A species are protected by ozone layer, yet the A specie is not.
(C) Atmospheric ozone has been significantly
depleted above all the areas of the world in
which amphibian populations are declining.---------------------IF ozone layer is depleted above areas where A. specie live, then it's very possible that UV-B killed them. support.
(D) The natural habitat of amphibians has not
become smaller over the past century.---------------------------the natural habitat of A specie has not changed or become larger is irrelevant.
(E) Amphibian populations have declined
continuously for the last 50 years.---------------------------------support.


做错了，应该选A，我选D了。


错误分析：
DO = depletion of the ozone layer
DA = decline of amphibian population
C                E
DO -----> DA
Answer choice (A): This is the correct answer. The answer fails to shed any
light—positive or negative—on the connection between the ozone depletion
and the amphibian population decline. Because the argument is concerned with
the damage done by UV-B radiation, the fact that UV-B is the only damaging
type of radiation blocked by ozone is irrelevant.----就是说这种情况，只要是没有state directly about the relation of reason-effect, 那么就是irrelevant的。


Answer choice (D): This was the answer most frequently chosen by test takers.
This answer choice strengthens the argument by eliminating an alternate cause
for the effect (Type A). Had the natural habitat become smaller over the years
(from say, human encroachment or climatic change) then that shrinkage would
have offered an alternate explanation for the decline in the amphibian
population. By eliminating the possibility of habitat shrinkage, the stated cause
in the argument is strengthened.-----彻底没有想过，直接pass了，如果生活栖息地没有变小，证明A population不会因为这个原因而decline，那么就是否定了他因的存在从而加强了ozone layer depleted的原因。




之前遇到过的strengthen题目使用过这种eliminate alternative choice，那么Except题目也是可以使用的。

xeyyxzty

1. B:Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth’s ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. P:Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells.
C: Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.-->我要认真看题
is UV-B fatal to amphibian animals?
(A) Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
--support--right
(B) Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of nonamphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
--support
(C) Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
--support
(D) The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
--irrelevant--right
(E) Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
--support
AD有点纠结~结果错了
Answer choice (A): This is the correct answer. The answer fails to shed any light—positive or negative—on the connection between the ozone depletion and the amphibian population decline. Because the argument is concerned with the damage done by UV-B radiation, the fact that UV-B is the only damaging type of radiation blocked by ozone is irrelevant.
Answer choice (D): This was the answer most frequently chosen by test takers. This answer choice strengthens the argument by eliminating an alternate cause for the effect (Type A). Had the natural habitat become smaller over the years (from say, human encroachment or climatic change) then that shrinkage would have offered an alternate explanation for the decline in the amphibian population. By eliminating the possibility of habitat shrinkage, the stated cause in the argument is strengthened.
2. B：At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.
P： However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities.  Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables.
C: if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.
costumers change their dishes
(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available
--???
(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals
--irrelevant
(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering
--irrelevant--right
(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer
--right
(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables
--irrelevant
又错了~~~好伤心3. B:The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will require considerable investment.
P:the only significant economic activity in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to charge to make a profit.  +???
C: Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
(A) Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.
--right
(B) In the coastal areas of Caladia where Calex proposes to introduce cellular telephone service, there is currently no fixed-line telephone service because fixed-line companies do not believe that they could recoup their investment.
--irrelevant
(C) A cellular telephone company can break even with a considerably smaller number of subscribers than a fixed-line company can, even in areas such as the Caladian coast, where there is no difficult terrain to drive up the costs of installing fixed lines.
--irrelevant
(D) Calex bases its monthly fees for cellular telephone service in a given region partly on the cost of installing the necessary equipment to provide the service there.
--irrelevant
(E) Calex has for years made a profit on cellular telephone service in Caladia's capital city, which is not far from the coastal region.
--irrelevant
4.B:With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia and with previously established companies adding many jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy.  
P:This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year.
C:unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
no new companies can offer more jobs
(A) Each year, new companies starting up create more new jobs overall than do previously established companies.
--opposite
(B) Companies established last year will not add a greater number of jobs overall this year than they did last year.
--the same with the premise
(C) This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.
--right
(D) This year, the overall number of jobs created by previously established companies will be less than the overall number of jobs lost at those companies.
--irrelevant
(E) The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost last year.
--irrelevant
5.During the past year, Pro-Tect Insurance Company's total payout on car-theft claims has been larger than the company can afford to sustain.  ro-Tect cannot reduce the number of car-theft policies it carries, so it cannot protect itself against continued large payouts that way.  Therefore, Pro-Tect has decided to offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies whose cars have antitheft devices.  Many policyholders will respond to the discount by installing such devices, since the amount of the discount will within two years typically more than cover the cost of installation.  Thus, because cars with antitheft devices are rarely stolen, Pro-Tect's plan is likely to reduce its annual payouts.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?BF在哪里???

balapupu

1.[34]
P: The number of A animal is decreasing+ the Ozone layer is depleting-?the ozone is blocking the B—> a chemical destroy genes-?because the A lack of hair and their eggs also lack protection.
C: the decline of A animal is because of the depleted Ozone layer.
Strength expect:
A:
(A) Of the various types of radiation blocked by
atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type
that can damage genes.-->support, remove other reasons.
(B) Amphibian populations are declining far more
rapidly than are the populations of
nonamphibian species whose tissues and
eggs have more natural protection from
UV-B.-->support, no cause , no effect.
(C) Atmospheric ozone has been significantly
depleted above all the areas of the world in
which amphibian populations are declining.-->support. Cause-effect.
(D) The natural habitat of amphibians has not
become smaller over the past century.-->irrelevant with the habit. R
(E) Amphibian populations have declined
continuously for the last 50 years.-->support, cause-effect.

balapupu

哎哎。。。我也做错了，话说最后排除是剩下了A和D，但是思路偏了，看着A更像是它因解释了。。。。囧。。

南瓜0729

4.50s
Pzone blocks UV-B
p:UV-B harms A
c:the depletion of ozone--> the declining population

P:there is no other reason that leads to the declining population of A
A
A irrelevant
B bingo support UV-B is the cause
C bingo support the conclusion
D bingo
E bingo the depletion of ozone has happened in the last 50 years.

17.40s
P:many people perfer tall tables and they stay longer.
c:if they replace the high tables with short ones, the profits will increase.
P(weaken):this kind of people only came to the Hollywood Restaurant short period of time
E错了哎~~
看选项的时候没有抓住conclusion  


18.39s
P:introducing C phone to isolated area require considerable investment.
P:but famers don't have enough money and there is few economic activities there.
C:this action will be profitable.
P(support):in the long run, the company makes the profit.
A??  

排除法蒙对了  不太明白


19.45s
D 又错了~~查了半天 嘿嘿 弄明白了~

phoebe0624

【精练】
4.
P:there are no ozone layer to blocks UV-B
C:Amphibian populations are declining
Q: EXCEPT strengthen  
AA)
(A)无
(B) Strengthen  
UV-B is the reason that make the populations declining
(C)Strengthen  
Atmospheric ozone depleted makes the amphibian populations  declining.
(D) Strengthen  
to deny the other reason that lead to the  amphibians populations  declining
(E) irrevlent

【逻辑链】
17.
Q:weaken
P:replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools
C:the restaurant profits would increase
Ac)
(A) irrevent
not about the money
(B) Strengthen  
the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals
(C) irrevent
exception is irrevent about the profit
(D) Strengthen  
long time more money
(E) Weaken
with enough tall tables  there would be no view except of other tall tables, so the profit would not increase.

18.
Q:support
P:coffee farmers  make enough money to afford the monthly service fees
C:Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
AC)
(A) irrevent
no contact may lead to farmers low profit
(B) irrevent
fixed-line companies is irrevent
(C) support
there is no difficult terrain to drive up the costs of installing fixed lines.
(D) irrevent
equipment
(E) irrevent
other region

19.
Q:Assumption
P:copreviously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year.  
C:Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
AC)
(A) weaken
Each year, new companies starting up create more new jobs overall than do previously established companies.
(B) repeat the stimuts
Companies established last year will not add a greater number of jobs overall this year than they did last year.
(C) assumptation
This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.
(D) irrevent
This year, the overall number of jobs created will be less than the overall number of jobs lost .
(E) weakn
The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost last year.

20.
木有boldface During the past year, Pro-Tect Insurance Company's total payout on car-theft claims has been larger than the company can afford to sustain.  ro-Tect cannot reduce the number of car-theft policies it carries, so it cannot protect itself against continued large payouts that way.  Therefore, Pro-Tect has decided to offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies whose cars have antitheft devices.  Many policyholders will respond to the discount by installing such devices, since the amount of the discount will within two years typically more than cover the cost of installation.  Thus, because cars with antitheft devices are rarely stolen, Pro-Tect's plan is likely to reduce its annual payouts.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
udgment the argument uses in support of its conclusion about that outcome.

bananazoo

呀，发现最后一题，没有加粗……sorry~明天有电脑有电了就来加~囧………对了，大家17题是怎么做的？为什么是C呢？