【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑3-11】【Verbal分册】

kidvii

5. Since the mayor's publicity campaign for Greenville's
bus service began six months ago, morning automobile
traffic into the midtown area of the city has decreased
7 percent. During the same period, there has been an
equivalent rise in the number of persons riding buses
into themidtown area. Obviously, the mayor's publicity
campaign has convinced many people to leave their
cars at home and ride the bus to work.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious
doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(A) Fares for all bus routes in Greenville have risen an
average of 5 percent during the pastsix months.
(B) The mayor of Greenville rides the bus to City Hall
in the city'smidtown area.
(C) Road reconstruction has greatly reduced the
number of lanes available to commuters in major
streets leading to the midtown area during the
past six months.
(D) The number of buses entering themidtown area
of Greenville during the morning hours is exactly
the same nowas it was one year ago.
(E) Surveys show that longtimebus riders areno
more satisfied with the Greenville bus service
than they were before the mayor's publicity
campaign began.

6. Patrick usually provides child care for six children.
Parents leave their children at Patrick's house in the
morning and pick them up after work. At the end of
each workweek, the parents pay Patrick at an hourly
rate for the child care provided that week. The weekly
income Patrick receives is usually adequate but not
always uniform, particularly in the winter, when
children are likely to get sick and be unpredictably
absent.
Which of the following plans, if put into effect, has the
best prospect of making Patrick's weekly income both
uniform and adequate?
(A) Pool resources with a neighbor who provides
child care under similar arrangements, so that
the two of them cooperate in caring for twice as
many children as Patrick currently does.
（B）Replace payment by actual hours of child care
provided with a fixed weekly fee based upon the
number of hours of child care that Patrickwould
typically be expected to provide.
(C) Hire a full-time helper and invest in facilities for
providing child care to sick children.
(D) Increase the hourly rate to a level that would
provide adequate income even in a week when
half of the children Patrick usually cares for are
absent.
(E) Increase the number of hours made available for
child care each day, so that parents can leave
their children in Patrick's care for a longer period
each day at the current hourly rate.
7. A researcher discovered that people who have low
levels of immune-system activity tend to score much
lower on tests of mental health than do people with
normal or high immune-system activity. There searcher
concluded from this experiment that the immune
system protects against mental illness as well as
against physical disease.
The researcher's conclusion depends on which of the
following assumptions?
(A) High immune-system activity protects against
mental illness better than normal immune system activity
does.
（B） Mental illness is similar to physical disease in its
effects on body systems.
(C) People with high immune-system activity cannot
develop mental illness.
(D) Mental illness does not cause people's immune system activity
to decrease.
(E)Psychological treatment of mental illness is not
as effective as is medical treatment.
8. Extinction is a process that can depend on a variety of
ecological, geographical, and physiological variables.
These variables affect different species of organisms
in different ways, and should, therefore, yield a
random pattern of extinctions. However, the fossil
record shows that extinction occurs in a surprisingly
definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the
same time.
Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for
at least a partial explanation of the patterned
extinctions revealed by the fossil record?
(A) Major episodes of extinction can result from
widespread environmental disturbances that
affect numerous different species.
(B) Certain extinction episodes selectively affect
organisms with particular sets of characteristics
unique to their species.
(C) Some species become extinct because of
accumulated gradual changes in their local
environments.
(D)In geologically recent times, for which there is
No fossil record, human intervention has
changed the pattern of extinctions.
(E) Species that are widely dispersed are the least
likely to become extinct.

5.AA
The following appeared in the letters-to-the-editor section of a local newspaper.

“Muscle Monthly, a fitness magazine that regularly features pictures of bodybuilders using state-of-the-art exercise machines, frequently sells out, according to the owner of Skyview Newsstand. To help maximize fitness levels in our town’s residents, we should, therefore, equip our new community fitness center with such machines.”

kidvii

5.

Argument Evaluation

Situation

Traffic into midtown has decreased by 7 percent, and bus ridership has increased by an

equivalent amount. The mayor's publicity campaign is responsible for this change.

Reasoning

What casts doubt on this conclusion? Another reasonable explanation of what caused

the decrease in automobile traffic and the increase in bus ridership would make this

conclusion suspect. Road construction impeding access to midtown over the same

period of time is a reasonable alternative explanation . The road construction projects

would likely have discouraged people from driving to midtown; many of these people

have probably taken the bus.

A A n increase in fare s might be a reasonable explanation for a decrease in ridership, but not for an

increase.

B The mayor's decision to ride the bus sets a good example for citizens, so this would tend to

strengthen rather than weaken support for the conclusion.

C Correct. This statement properly identifies an explanation that weakens support for the

conclusion.

D If more buses were running, then more seats would be available for people traveling into

midtown. Ruling out this scenario help s strengthen, not weaken, support for the conclusion.

E Passengers perceive bus service to be the same, so better service can be eliminated as a possible

cause of the increased ridership .

The correct answer is C .

6.

Evaluation of a Plan

Situation

At the end of the workweek Patrick is paid a certain amount for each hour of child

care he has provided. Patrick usually receives adequate weekly income under this

arrangement, but in the winter Patrick's income fluctuates, because children are

unpredictably absent due to illness.

Reasoning

Which plan would be most likely to meet the two goals of uniform weekly income and adequate

weekly income? Patrick must find a way to ensure that his weekly income is both

adequate- that is, not reduced significantly from current levels-and uniform- that is,

not subject to seasonal or other fluctuations. A successful plan would thus most likely be

one that does not increase Patrick's costs. Further, the plan need not increase Patrick's

weekly income; it must merely ensure that that income is more reliable. It should therefore

also provide some way to mitigate the unexpected loss of income from children's absences.

A This plan might raise Patrick's income slightly, because he and the neighbor might payout less in

costs if they pool their resources. But this plan would have no effect on the problem that

unpredictable absence s pose for Patrick's weekly income.

B Correct. This statement properly identifies a plan that would most likely keep Patrick's income

adequate (he would probably receive approximately the same amount of money per child as he does

now) and uniform (he would receive the money regardless of whether a child was present or absent).

C While this plan might somewhat mitigate the unpredictability in Patrick 's income that results

from sick children's absences- because parents would be less likely to keep sick children at

home-it would increase Patrick 's costs. Paying a helper and investing in different facilities

would reduce Patrick 's income and might thus result in that income being inadequate.

D Under this plan, if we assume that parents did not balk at the increase in Patrick's hourly rate and

find alternative child care, Patrick 's income would most likely be adequate. But this plan would not

help make Patrick's weekly income uniform. H is income would continue to fluctuate when children

are absent. Remember, there are two goals with regard to Patrick's income: adequacy and uniformity.

E This plan might increase Patrick's income, in that he might be paid for more hours of child care

each week. The goals here, however, are to make Patrick 's weekly income both adequate and

uniform, and this plan does not address the issue of uniformity.

The correct answer is B.

7.

Argument Construction

Situation

Reasoning

Finding that people with low immune-system activity score lower on mental health

tests than people with normal or high levels of immune-system activity, a researcher

concludes that the immune system protects mental as well as physical health.

What assumption does the researcher make? The researcher asserts that immune-system

activity can inhibit mental illness as it does physical illness. While it is possible that

mental illness might itself depress immune-system activity, the researcher assumes

that this is not the case. If mental illness caused a decline in immune-system activity,

then lower levels of immune-system activity would be expected as a result, and the

higher levels would merely indicate the absence of illness rather than any effect on

illness.

A The researcher does not distinguish between high and normal levels of immune-system activity,

so this assumption is not needed.

B The researcher's inference is not related to the effects of mental illness.

C Immune-system activity could protect mental health without offering total prevention of mental

illness; this assumption is not needed.

D Correct. This statement properly identifies the researcher's underlying assumption that mental

illness does not decrease immune system activity.

E Since different treatments are not discussed, any assumption about them is unnecessary.

The correct answer is D

8.

Argument Construction

The fossil record reveals that species become extinct in a surprisingly definite pattern,

with multiple species vanishing simultaneously.

Which point provides a basis for explaining the pattern ?The passage states that the

process of extinction depends on so many variables-in the ecology and geography

of the environment and in the physiology of the species- that the expected outcome

would be a random pattern of extinctions. Yet a definite pattern is found instead.

What could explain the disappearance of multiple species at the same time? If there

were significant Widespread changes in the environment, multiple species could be

affected simultaneously, causing their extinction.

A Correct. This statement properly identifies a basis for explaining the pattern of many species

becoming extinct simultaneously.

B This explanation of selective extinction does not explain how many species become extinct at the

same time.

C This explanation addresses only some species, not many species.

D The passage is based on what the fossil record suggests; more recent times, having no fossil

record, are outside the consideration of the passage.

E Indicating which species are least likely to become extinct does not explain a pattern of

simultaneous extinction of many species.

The correct answer is A.

daisyの小夢想

1. 35s
BG: The mayor urge people to ride buses rather than drive cars.
Premise: The number of the people riding buses into the midtown has increased.
Conclusion:
the campaign of the mayor has convinced many people to ride buses rather than drive cars.
Weaken:
典型的因果型结论题
A.out of scope B.out of scope
C 其他原因
D.Irrelevant E.Irrelevant

2. 1:08
The parents pay the Patrick at an hourly rate for the child care in that week.
The weekly income pattern is adequate but not uniform, especially when children are othen absent.
Plan:
B


3.
those who have lower levels of immume system have lower level of mental health.
Conclusion:
Impairment of immume system causes mental and physical illness.
Assumption:
It's not because lower level of mental health that caused lower level of immume system.
D

4.
First opinion: Species extinct at various pattern, leading them to extinct at different time and different places.
Second opinion: Species extinct at the same pattern--usually extinct at the same time.
Strengthen the second:
Evidence that shows the species extinct at the same time
A