【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑2-11】

balapupu

今天帮daisy 发逻辑哈~

1. An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
-- PREP07 CR2 NO.13
Key: A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.


2. Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.  Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
-- PREP07 CR2 NO.14
Key: Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.


3. Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
-- PREP07 CR2 NO.15
Key: Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.


4. The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will require considerable investment.  However, the only significant economic activity in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to charge to make a profit.  Nevertheless, Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Calex's contention?
-- PREP07 CR2 NO.18
Key: Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.


5. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a regional newspaper:
“In response to petitions from the many farmers and rural landowners throughout our region, the legislature has spent valuable time and effort enacting severe laws to deter motorists from picking fruit off the trees, trampling through the fields, and stealing samples of foliage. But how can our local lawmakers occupy themselves with such petty vandalism when crime and violence plague the nation’s cities? The fate of apples and leaves is simply too trivial to merit their attention.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.

纳丁Cat

9-6
1. 28s
An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
前提：欧洲在一次蓝色雾霭之后特别冷，而这个雾霭是一个V的火山喷发引起的。
结论：火山喷发导致天气变冷。

削弱：某一年，火山也喷发了，天气没有变冷。
Key: A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends. 结论削弱。

2. 32s
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.  Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
前提：家用电器没用的时候也在费电。比如一种有钟的微波炉，这钟每年要耗费45千万。
结论：有钟的微波炉比相似的，但是没有钟的微波炉每年多浪费45千万的电。

假设：没有钟的微波炉不会有其他的耗电的装置。
Key: Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one. 排除干扰

3. 55s
Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
前提：一个航空公司准备在亏本的航线上打折，来迫使竞争对手退出这条航线。
结论：长期看来，这个方法不能成功。因为一旦这个公司想提价来弥补开始的亏本，就给了对手很好的机会。

削弱：当这个航空公司垄断这条航线后，顾客都很满意它的服务，不愿换其他的航空公司了。
Key: Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.  他因削弱。

4. 50s
The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will require considerable investment.  However, the only significant economic activity in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to charge to make a profit.  Nevertheless, Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Calex's contention?
前提：一个电话公司想在一个偏僻的地方提供电话服务。但是这里的人只是种咖啡，而且他们的收入负担不起电话费。
结论：这个公司还是认识在这里提供服务能够盈利。

支持：咖啡将要大大涨价。

Key: Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices. 结论支持。

UlysessHope

逻辑菜鸟跟帖答题~

30s
84年夏 冰岛L火山爆发，烟雾笼罩大陆，后出现了不寻常凛冽的冬天
thus 很显然是火山爆发导致空气变得更冷
削弱：其他因素导致空气变得更冷

答案： A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.
      82年在火山EC爆发后数月，空气温度升高


33s
许多家用电器只在使用时才耗电。however 许多内部设有时钟的微波炉在不使用时也耗电。每个时钟每年耗电45 kilowatt-hours
therefore 内部不设有时钟的微波炉比内部设有时钟的微波炉每年平均少用45 kilowatt-hours
假设：不知

答案： Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
      内部不设有时钟的微波炉不太可能有个分开的电子时钟


48s
有些航空公司想在某些航线降价到赔钱的程度，由此来致使竞争对手退出这部分航线的市场。
however这种消除竞争的方式在长期不会盈利。一旦一个航空公司使用这种方法成功了，那么它通过一段时期在航线的加价来弥补早期损失的做法都只会使竞争对手有更好的机会降价
削弱：也许把竞争对手赶出市场他们就不再回来了~？额。。这个想法貌似不太靠谱，那么 想不出来了

答案：Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.
    这些成功把竞争对手赶出去的公司，在新的竞争对手到来时，有可能再次降价。（ = = 那他们的利润咋办？）

42s
Calex电信公司计划在将手机业务引入Caladia的孤立沿海区域，这一举动需要大量的投资。然而在这个区域唯一重大的经济活动就是小型咖啡种植，且种植咖啡的农民不能负担起业务费用
nevertheless   Calex公司却宣称对这群农民做这项业务会盈利
支持：不知

答案： Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.
      目前由于通信不发达，农民只能把咖啡卖给当地的买家，而当地买家要价通常都比外地买家要价低

superbat28

1. 30s
Conclusion: The eruption of a volcano results in the the lowered temperature
Premise: One observation... Ireland Volcano leads to the lowered temperature

Weaken: 一开始想的是它因。然后答案是有因无果，嗯。果然阴险~典型的因果性结论，所以貌似是有因无果我也接受了~

2. 38s   再囧~~~又是我今天模考的。。。
Conclusion: Those who use oven without a build-in clock consumes less energy than those who use ovens with clock
Premise: Build-in clock consumes energy anytime, while ovens without clock only consume energy when in use

Assumption: Those who use ovens without clock will not involved in something that leads higher energy use...

3. 没有点计时器。。。Orz
Conclusion: THe lowed-price will not provide benefits for the company in the long-run
Premise: If the price was initially low, if the company want to rise the price again, that attempt will only give competitors advantages...

Weaken:我邪恶的以为。。。把competitors drive out了后，它就monopoly了，就不会再有competitor了。。。

4. 43s
Conclusion: The company still believe offering the cell phone would be profitable
Premise: Although farmers nowadays cannot afford to pay such fees for using these phones

Strengthen:很明显应该是，提供了手机后，就会造出profits来。。但是，很不幸。。这个答案我一直觉得，相当地晦涩。。。。

balapupu

1.[36']
欧洲经历了更加寒冷的冬天,这时欧洲的大陆被BZ阻断是由于欧洲某火山的喷发.--->所以,气候变冷是由于火山喷发的影响.
WEAKEN:给出他因也导致欧洲的冬天更加的寒冷.

balapupu

2.【38‘】有的微波炉有电子钟，当微波炉不使用的时候，电子钟还是会走，电子钟一年会走45度电。--》所以，有电子钟的微波炉比没有电子钟的微波炉多费45度电。
Assumption：不用电子钟的微波炉不会以其他的方式多费电。
3.【28‘】一些航空公司联合起以承受部分损失的方式来压低票价，来驱逐一些竞争者。--》但是这种方式从长远来看是不利的。--。因为一旦有损失的公司通过提高票价的方式来弥补亏损，就会给其他竞争者机会来压低机票价格。
weaken：一旦竞争者被驱逐以后，它们很难再重回竞争市场。
4.【39’】C电话公司要向一个偏僻的C地区引进C电话--》但是，这么做需要进行很大的一笔投资。--》C地区的经济是小型咖啡农业，当地的农民很难支付的起昂贵的电话费。--》但是C公司说这个项目是会盈利的。
support:当电话引进后，农民的经营业务范围变广了，也就支付的起电话费了。

flonacui

1.23s
P following the blue haze, the temperature became cooler.
C major eruptions cause the cool temperature
weaken:causation&correlation 有因无果
相关性不存在 另外一个时期
2.
P The clocks consume about 45kh per year
C The appliances which do not have clock consumes less 45kh per year
assuption: There are no other ways to use electricity about those appliances which do not have build-in clock.排除他因 defender
3. 32s
P Once the company want to recoup the former fare, their competitors would seize the oppotunities and to undercut fares.
C The method cannot be profitable in the long run.
weaken: There are no people choosing their competitors' airlines.
4. 35s
P The farmers in C could not afford the service fee now.
C C contends that making the service available will make a profit.
support: There a huge market in the future. 举了一个例子 电话引进之后 会对这里经济产生的变化
bafore force. after contact with outside. make more money to afford the fee.
AA
> false causation

Yvette19

1.40s
BG：1987年欧洲冬天异常冷，由于冰岛爆发的火山造成欧洲大陆的蓝色雾霾。
CC: 所以推断火山爆发通常都会导致气候变冷。

Weaken：举一个火山爆发导致气温升高的反例。

2. 45s
BG：有内置时钟装置的微波炉每年消耗45千瓦/时的电量。
因此。。。
没有时钟装置的微波炉们比有时钟的微波炉整个一个年少用45千瓦/时的电量。

Assumption：没有时钟装置的微波炉不用的时候是不耗电的。

3. 45s
BG：有些航空公司宣称自己在某条航线上面打折力度大到自己亏损， 以此来打压竞争者。
CC：但是长期来看着这个策略是不利的。
Reasoning：因为一旦实施这个策略，之后它再在这条线路提回原来价格以弥补之前的损失的时候，反而给竞争对手提供了优势。

Weaken：长期弥补损失任然可以保持价格低于对手。

4.45s
BG：C公司打算花大价钱在一个小孤岛上开发一个电话业务。
PM：但是这个小孤岛上面只有一个小型咖啡农场，而这些咖啡农都支付不起这项电话业务的月租。
CC：然而C公司仍坚持在这投资是有利可图的。

Reasoning：因为他们打算先给他们提供短期的免费服务帮助他们与外界联系以发展外贸业务，之后咖啡农对其电话业务产生依赖，且没有其他竞争对手那就可以挣钱啦。。。好吧我想的有点远。。