【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑1-11】

纳丁Cat

1. 25s
Compared to nonprofit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are nonprofit hospitals.
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above?
比起非盈利的医院，投资的医院用更少的工作人员，有更高的occupy level。结论：对health care 而言，投资的医院更好。
削弱：投资的医院收费很高，很多穷人住不起。
key: Patients in nonprofit hospitals recover more quickly than do patients with comparable illnesses in investor-owned hospitals. 他因涉入

2.28s
A society’s infant mortality rate is an accepted indicator of that society’s general health status. Even though in some localities in the United States the rate is higher than in many developing countries. In the United States , overall the rate has been steadily declining. This declines does not necessarily indicate, however, that babies in the United  States are now, on the average, healthier at birth than they were in the past.
Which one of the following reasons, if true, most strongly supports the claim made above about the implications of the decline?
婴儿的死亡率是衡量一个国家整体健康水平的一个指标。尽管在美国的个别地方这个死亡率高于发展中国家。但整体而言。它的死亡率是很低的是在下降的。但是，这个并不能表明美国现在的健康状况比以前好。
支持：美国以前的婴儿死亡率比现在低。看掉了是在下降的。
key: The United States has been developing and his achieved extremely sophisticated technology for saving premature and low-birth-weight babies, most of whom require extended hospital stays. 他因涉入

3. 25s
Investigators concluded that human failure was not responsible for the fatal airplane crash last August, and since that time new and more stringent rules for identifying and reporting mechanical problems have been in effect. That accounts for the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August.
Which one of the following is an assumption underlying the argument in the passage?
结论：从8月以来的报告的飞机增多并不是人们的责任。因为从8月开始，更严格的检查条框颁布了，所以报告的问题就增多了。
调查人作出结论，去年8月人为疏忽不是造成致命飞机坠毁的原因，并且在那时新的和更严厉的鉴定和报告机械问题的规定开始有效了。结论：这说明了事实，飞机机械问题的报告频率增加50％直到去年8月。（8月前还未到50％）
假设：条款的严格程度能够影响报告的问题多少。
key: Mechanical problems in airplanes have not increased by 50 percent since last August.
最后一句才是结论。结论支持。

4. 30s
A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.
Which one of the following most helps account for apparent contradiction above?
一个调查大学的结果很费解。因为有很多人认为他们的毕业率在top10. 有一半的人认为他的学术成绩在top25%
解释：因为大家不知道别人的整体水平。
key: A disproportionately large number of high ranking alumni responded to the survey.
前提削弱。调查的题，常常找出样本的问题

大三准备留学

1.比起无收益的医院，投资医院有更高的投资，更少的员工，更好的OCCUPANY。。所以投资医院有更好的医用效果
削弱：。。。

2.低的婴儿死亡率是判断一个地区医疗水平的指标，但美国一些地方的婴儿死亡率大于某些发展中国家，但是全美的婴儿死亡率正在下降，但这并不说明美国的婴儿出生后更健康
加强：美国的婴儿出生后生病率提高了，但是死亡率减少了

3.八月份，人为的错误并不是飞机失事的原因，在那个时候新的并且更为严格的飞机机械报告被提出来了，这解释了50%的机械问题报告的增加
假设：飞机并没有增长本身的问题

4.一个对于1960年某个学校毕业的毕业生调查出现了疑惑，当被问到当时自己的学术排名时，有一半的人说自己排在前四分之一
为什么：吹牛了。。。。

CC5

1.33s
pre: io hospital require less public investment, fewer employees and have higher occupancy levels
 Con: io is better than puc in delivering medical care
Undermine: less employees means employees spend less time on every patient

2.i can’t get it

334s.
Con :human failure was not responsible for fatal airplane

Ass:么有其他的原因了

4.当问及他们的传统工序,其中有一半的会说他们是前1\4…(这题什么意思啊)



我擦..是学术排名...

MiaZhang

1.38s
P:营利性医院的好处：less public investment in tax breaks, fewer employees, higher occupancy levels
C:营利性医院能比非营利性医院提供更好的医疗服务
Weaken：说营利性医院的缺点
2.38s
BG：婴儿死亡率是婴儿出生时健康的标准，美国有些地方的婴儿死亡率比一些发展中国家还高
P:美国总体的婴儿死亡率下降
C:不代表美国的婴儿跟过去相比更健康
Support：婴儿出生时候的发病率相同，只是治愈率提高了
3.50s
P:上个8月宣布human failure不能作为飞机失事的原因，因而提高了对飞机mechanical审查标准
C:解释了现在越来越多的问题报告
Assumption：因果性结论——排除他因：不存在mechanic建造水平的下降等问题；资料有效：现在报告中的很多问题是之前被忽视的问题；排除因果倒置：不是因为人们意识到存在很多问题才加大审核力度的
4.25s
P:当问及校友们的在校成绩时候，一般的校友表示他们的成绩在前1/4
C:puzzling！
Resolve the Paradox：respond的校友都是当初在校成绩优秀的校友
5.35s
（写过）
逻辑错误：
过去的成就不代表未来的成就
Pharmacy的成功不代表其他section的成功
唯一性无从依据

Cybill

1. 21'
Premise: investor-owned hospital use less tax, fewer employes, have occupancy levels.
Conclusion: investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are nonprofit hospitals.
Weaken: The advantages of investor-owned hospital have no relationship with a better way of delivering medical care.

2. 45'
BG: the rate of health status decline.
Premise: mortality rate of babies in the USA is more higher than the rate in develop countries.
babies in the USA today are more healthier than babies live in the past.
Strong:

3. 40'
Conclusion: Investigators says that people failure is not because the fatal airplane crush.
Premise: they use new reporting and identifying technology and the reports of airplane mechanical problems have increase 50%.
答案没看懂

4. 24'
BG: half of the respondents reported that they are the top students.

5. 53'

kid381

6/30/13
1-11
51 35’’
Fact1: investor-owned hospitals require less public investments, use less employees, and have higher occupancy level.
Conclusion: Investor-owned hospital can deliver medicine care better.
Weakens: Private hospital charges more per patient than public hospital does.
52 45’’
Background info: infant mortality rate reveals the general health status of a society.
Evidence: though some places in the U.S. have higher death rate than it the death in developing, the average infant mortality rate is lower than it in the past.
Conclusion: In the U.S. the babies are healthier now than in the past.
Support: the population of the places where infant mortality increased in these years accounts for only 5 percent of population in America.
53 45’’
Argument1: human failure was not responsible for the recent air crash.
Argument2: though recently the airplane mechanic problems increase by 50 percent, the increased figures do not reveal anything since they emerged from stricter and more stringent check regulations.
Assumption: the rules of checking mechanic problems are not so loose before the air crash that mechanics and engineers have malpractices in their work times.
54 24’’
Fact: a survey yielded puzzling results, half of alumni believed they are at the top.
Account for the contradiction: Only top honorary graduates are willing to accept interview (bingo).
55 AWA 45’’
Argument: In the last decades the Megamart grocery store increased its sales by adding a pharmacy section in its store, so it is necessary to open up some other sections in its market to achieve competitive advantage in the next decade.
Points:
1. All things are equal. The author commits the fallacy of ‘all things are equal’. The fact that happened in the past is not a sound evidence to draw an evidence that the same strategy still works in the future. The background conditions may have changed in these years. For example:…
2. Casual-relationship
The manager oversimplify the reason they succeed in the past, improperly ascribing the diversification as their wining secret.可能不是多元化造成的，而是恰好人们需要药品专柜，但未来并不能保证人们需要其他专柜。
3. The manager错误归因，认为人们需要药品专柜=人们需要one-stop shopping。Manager没有考虑人们在很多产品上更喜欢专业化购物。

flonacui

1
P invester-owned hospitals received less money and required less employees compared with the non-profit hospitals
C inverter-owned hospitals are a better way of medical delivering care.
weaken: Maybe investr-owned hospitals' doctors are not as experience as the non-profit hospitals' ; The doctores in invester-owned hospital do not have responsibility.
2 60s
P The the infant death rate has been gradually reduced.
C however, this declination does not suggest that the new born baby is more healthy in the US than before.
Support: The absolute number of baby in US has been declined.
3
P human failure was not responsible for the fatal airline crush last august because the new rule had been in effect.
C reports of mechanicle problem have been increased by 50%.
4 34s
P a survey result is puzzle.
P half of the students in the class reported that they are the top quarter students in the class.
5 33s之前做过
1 cause-and-effect relationship
2 the unknown future
3 cost-profit balance

xiqiong

1.Invest-owned 医院因为有诸多优点，所以比非营利型医院好。（delivering medical care)
削弱：找到一个说有点那些不能得出结论的攻击点就好。（切断因果）
      比如：人少，忙不过来，所以才occupancy level高。
            或者medcal care好不好有他因（且非营利的有优势）
答案：Patients in nonprofit hospitals recover more quickly than do patients with comparable illnesses in investor-owned hospitals.
直接攻击了结论。

2.1' 婴儿死亡率是衡量一个国家整体健康水平的指标之一。但，美国有些地方，婴儿死亡率比发展中国家要高。
现在美国婴儿死亡率降低了，但不代表美国整体健康了。
支持： 婴儿死亡率只是之一，其它因素严重了呢。不健康吧~
       或者说，婴儿死亡率现在成为了一个特殊的指标，不具有原来对比的代表性。
理解错误！！！
结论是:降低不代表婴儿现在生下来更健康了。即：死亡率低≠健康
支持：答案即是！

3.检查技术↑--->机械问题↑  
assumption： 真正的机械问题↑没有50%

4.调查发现，问同学rank，一半说他们在top中。
这道题简单：就是说明样本的特殊性就好了！
一般接受回答的都是成绩好的啦~

5.因为我们加了medical section, sale↑---->顾客看重方便。
所以，我们↑profit的途径是，增开服装department。
以后还要加更多。未来很好啊啊~！

攻击：
同时≠因果：medical 也许没影响
特殊性： Medical与其它不一样，需求度不一样
趋势不一定保持：未来环境变化，谁知道呢。
实施的不确定性：也许附近开一家什么大的商场百货。竞争力很大呢。

Yvette19

1. 45s
BG：与非盈利医院相比，投资医院需支付更少的tax break，有更高的occupancy level，（。。好吧我又忘了中间那个）。
Conclusion: 因此可以推论有更好的医疗条件.

Weaken: Which one is better cannot be judged through these three factors.. ehmmmm investor-owned hospital might sacrifice medical care in interest of their own profits?

2. 65s
BG：婴儿夭折率是一个判断社会健康水平的重要指标。美国当地有些地方的婴儿夭折率甚至高过发展中国家。
Premise: 去年美国的夭折率下降了
Argument： 但这并不能说明美国宝宝健康状况有好转。

Strengthen: 美国婴儿出生率也同步下降。

3. 1min
BG: 调查人员下结论说，八月份的重大坠机事件不是由于人员失误造成的。
Premise: 之后出台了新的更加严格的条例规定检查并上报机械问题。
--》于是八月份的机械故障报告上升至50%

Assumption: （其实我没搞清楚这道题的Argument到底是什么，是investigator的话么？如果是的话：。。）
所有上报的机械问题都得到了排查？

4. 23s
1960届A大毕业的校友参与的一个调查出现了一个让人迷惑的结果。
超过半数的人认为他们自己的在同届毕业生中的学术排名应该是靠前的1/4。

Solve the paradox: A大采取鼓励为主的教学方针，当时并没有给他们具体排名，而是暗示大家排名不错。
（看答案了我晕：我忽视了参与调查的人数问题）

5. 55s
杂货店：
BG：咱们去年的销售业绩上升了20%，由于我们添加了药品区。
-》顾客喜欢一站式服务带来的便利。因此在未来几年内，我们想要继续增加营业额，那么就应该继续扩充业务。明年我们要继续增加服装部、汽车配件修理部。在未来几年内我们要增加餐饮，还有花园用品等等。在这个片区内，我们成为了唯一拥有如此庞大范围的超市，一定会更具竞争力的！

Flaw : 药品成功也许是由于该片区缺少药店。若服装、汽车配件、餐饮、花园用品等这些业务在该片区已经相当成熟且竞争激烈，增加业务未必能带来收益。

Yvette19

纳丁Cat 发表于 2011-8-19 16:10
1. 25sCompared to nonprofit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public ...

为什么：吹牛了。。。==+ 哈哈哈你太有才了！