Boldface第4题和第8题及几个术语的再解释

fyhllj

Boldface第8题

8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument

解答：
Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.

第一句中的Over the past several years表明了这是一个发生在过去的事实。有人认为：“这句话中must be就不太对，谁知道是true 还是不true呢？“我们不论他实际上true or false,我们必须承认它是真的为了下面的因果关系的推论。但我们不能由此判定它就是前提。

关于fact和premise,

我的意见是：

简单讲，我认为fact是不可能做premise。因为premise是an idea that you use to support another theory。that idea can be wrong. but fact is that thing happened indeed in the past, it must be true.

举一个例子：
在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。
我是男孩子且在热恋
所以，我也要送花（后面的但是我没钱，能否像你借钱somethings like that）

在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。（前提）
我是男孩子且在热恋(事实)
所以，我也要送花（结论）

由此看出，前提是一种理论，我认为正确，从而推出有利于我的或我想要得结论。决不是一个事实。至于“在热恋中，所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。“是不是事实，(例如，就有女追男的吗！） who knows! who care! that is my premise.

这时你可以说：“我们邻居小张就是送的花，结果去年就结婚了。“

这就是一个事实，用来支持你的论证。
实际上8题并不是一个推论性的论证。他实际上是一个因果关系
先描述了一个现象，然后提出了一个因果论证。
希望有所帮助。

fyhllj

fyhllj

第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.


解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。 是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

关于inference and conclusion:

inference :inference let you say sth that the author said using indirectly way. 通常我们只对文章中的句子进行同义词转换或句型转换局可以了。
despite the fact that the （definition） of useful on Earth has become more （far-reaching in recent years）==〉The （notion） of what is useful on Earth （is not necessarily constant）
但再进一步的推出就是结论而不是暗示。
In oder to justify the cost of space exploration, we must show that space is worth understanding for its own sake可以是一种结论。
we think we should cancel space exploiration because its huge cost.可以是另一种结论。
当然你也可以得出更多的结论。

fyhllj

principle and fact

Principle:

A rule or standard, especially of good behavior: a man of principle.

for example: BF-01
During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway

Fact:

Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed or A real occurrence; an event.

In one word, principle is you have to follow in the future and fact is the thing that has been done or existed.

principle是一种原则，你必须遵守。通常是好的规律。没有时间上的分别，通常用现在时。
fact是一件已经发生的事情，不可能是将来的。我只能评价，研究和分析它。
BF题中是有这样的区分的，但是不难区分。

fyhllj

consideration and evidence:

Consideration:

I think it is a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

Evidence:

A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.

In one word, consideration is you have to think about it when forming a desion and evidence is that for or against your opinion based on that

consideration是在作决定时必须要考虑的。
evidence是对你的决定进行支持。
举个例子：
决定去读MBA。
读MBA的投资是否值得？
读MBA可以挣大钱。
第一个就是consideration，而第二个是evidience.

希望解释清楚了。

freegirl

精彩！ 酷必帅呆！

remeo

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 11:08:00的发言：
第四题：

4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument.


解答：

1。More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced。 是一个fact,不是premise.
2.it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.是根据第一句话得出的一个结论。但同时又是第四句话的premise.
3。 Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles 这半句话实际上是第二句话的inference.实际上是原句的同义变换。
4。so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. 是作者的结论，但绝不是inference。

选项e: The first is the first conclusion in this argument(其并没有反对其作premise的作用）
the second is the second conclusion in this argument.
但是选项c: The first is the part of premise that the argument includes.却误把第一句也作为premise而实际上，他是一个fact.

that is why we should choose e rather than c.

关于inference and conclusion:

inference :inference let you say sth that the author said using indirectly way. 通常我们只对文章中的句子进行同义词转换或句型转换局可以了。
despite the fact that the （definition） of useful on Earth has become more （far-reaching in recent years）==〉The （notion） of what is useful on Earth （is not necessarily constant）
但再进一步的推出就是结论而不是暗示。
In oder to justify the cost of space exploration, we must show that space is worth understanding for its own sake可以是一种结论。
we think we should cancel space exploiration because its huge cost.可以是另一种结论。
当然你也可以得出更多的结论。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-26 12:23:42编辑过]

但是bf8的第二句应该是conclusion而不是inference，如何解释？

givemeahome

第5题中的general point和special evidence指的是什么

givemeahome

另外inference和CONCLUSION有什么差别呢？

PopularKing

PopularKing

以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 12:23:00的发言：
consideration and evidence:

Consideration:

I think it is a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision: Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

Evidence:

A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.

In one word, consideration is you have to think about it when forming a desion and evidence is that for or against your opinion based on that

consideration是在作决定时必须要考虑的。
evidence是对你的决定进行支持。
举个例子：
决定去读MBA。
读MBA的投资是否值得？
读MBA可以挣大钱。
第一个就是consideration，而第二个是evidience.

希望解释清楚了。

I think 决定去读MBA is the conclusion, while 读MBA可以挣大钱 is a promise or evidence to support the conclusion.

I don't think "consideration" can be a structure of a reasoning.

Evidence or promise (can be a fact or a non-fact)
conclusion (can be deducted from the evidence or promise)

Please correct me if I am wrong.