【Native Speaker每日综合训练—44系列】【44-03】科技 Internal clock

油桃F

Speaker
Reindeer is unlike humans who rely on circadian clock. It don't sleep eight hours and depends on annual clock.

[Time 2] 2'02
Human's brain has an internal clock to sense the elapse of time. Neural system is one factor.

[Time 3] 2'20
Hippocampus seems to play an important role in remembering short period. Scientists then conducted an experiment using rats that indicate h has an impact on remembering similar time period.

[Time 4] 2'35
Hippocampus affects similar long period but not short period. S is another brain domain that affect sensing time. S and H compete for each other. But whether this relationship can be turned is unclear.

[Time 5] 3'13
Light exposure and drugs can be used to treat jet lag. Four new discoveries address the treatment of jet lag.

[Time 6]
Blind cavefish use circadian rhythms to save energy.

Obstacle
People often feel time goes faster when they are old. Scientists conducts an experiment to testify it. They finally found a weak association between time and age and they concluded that time pressure is a main factor and it's cross-culture. Then the author lists several theories about time.

洋芋1109

1'56
time 2: It is your brain system that make you aware of the time passage, but there is still a debate whether the one or two methods of this model. Past researchers contended that S play a role on signaling the temporal imformation.
2'21
time 3: Some findings reveal that the H can only be helpful for the time passage of the long periods. Besides some researcher conduct a experiment to show that H is important for distinguishing between similar time intervals at long time periods but while it may have negative effect on distinguishing those at short time periods.
2'32
time 4: The author points out that H, responsible for the long time periods, and S, responsible for short time periods, may actually compete with each other. However, there still need some further research for the question whether the relationship between H and S is reciprocal or unidirectional.
2'58
time 5: The passage mainly introduced four innovated medicine, aimed at reset the biological clock, to treat the jet lag. These four new treatments have different solution to the jet lag, including blocking the V, limiting the light ability to reset the biological clock and acting on S system.
2'05
time 6: The B fish saves a lot of energy by forgoing the circadian rhythms, which provides important functions by controlling the metabolism. However, the B fish do not rely on circadian rhythms to control their metabolism.
8'08
time 7: Although researcher in the past concluded that time speeds up as people age, the later scientists contend that there is a weak association between age and the individuals' perception of time and that older adults reported that the last 10years passed more quickly than young adults. Besides, the scientist numerate some interesting theories concerning why time seems to speed up as people age.

cencen1992

2‘
at first, people thought that Our brain has a internal system which can sense the elapse of time. However, later people found that there is second method of sensing the elapse of time in our brain.   
2'32''
sciensts find that a thing called "H" in brain can help people rememebr "the elaspe of time"  However, H does not remember every temporal information.
a experiment shows that rats can differenciate large time intervels with long time scale, and rats can perform well both types of internels with short time scale, when rats were injected some chemicals repressing H   that means H is instrumental in telling similar time intevels a part.   
2'14''
2'43''
recently, some new durgs have been made to help people recover from "jet lag"  
the article introduces three possibiities that new drugs can bring. new drugs can speed the recovery
However, for now, reasearchers have not introduce some clinical trials to test these new drugs.   
2'04''
obstacle
6'50''
many people feel that time is passing fast as we get older.
a survey show that when people is under time pressure, they feel time is fly .   
and time pressure is corss-culture. all kinds of people may exibit it.
and several reasons are presented
1. we remember the time line based on our memorable things.   
2. our biological clock slows as we get older   
3. stress
4. when we get older, we pay less attention to time   
5.   

嘟嘟的妞妞

Time2: 3’07-296words
Time3: 3’12-332words
Time4: 3’40-354words
Time5: 4’20-400words
Time6:3’07-338words
Obstacle:11’50-1226words
Conclusion: when we get older, we feel like time passed more quickly. Our internal clock does not change(20-59), but our attention is distracted for something else, eg. Career, family duty and so on. It is psychological reason, not biological reason. However, our internal clock slows as we age.

猫小雯雯

ti:1.29s
reideers do not have body clock but they can tell you the date because of hormone.People who live in north or south pole
undergo months of days or nights and the problem can be solved like that of deers.
t2:2.24s
we should thank our brains because they can feel the passing of time.There are two methods and the second one tells that
there is another internal clock which might compete the formal one.
research shows that if some parts of brain become disoder ,the time they feel will go wrong.
t3:3.22s
a part of brain is called H,which helps people to remember long time.If H is injured ,people can not remember long
intevals.A research of rats tells us that H helps them distinguish between similar intervals but do not help to distinguish
quite different intervals.Oddly ,rats that have impaired on H can remember better than normal ones.
t4:2.32a
you can tell 1.5min from 1h because of other parts of your brain.In theory, you will improve your short time memory if you
damage H.
questions about whether the damage of s will help make up the function of H.(do not remember clearly)

shanny

Time 2  2:11
Cause of our brain we will have a accurate internal clock
Recently most neuroscientists find the brain have two method not parallel but compete.
Time 3  2:11
Scientists now believe our brain not only measure time but also know how much time has passed, and they also do some experiment to prove it.
The hippocampus makes a different in it at long periods.
Time4  2:45
Hippocampus takes over it for 10mins . and actually it’s not clear what’s the relationship between hippocampus and striatum, compete or support.
Time5 2:50
Jet lag is a big problem.. now some researches may use drug as a treatment and it also have four discoveries support it.
Time6 2:16
The blind Mexican cavefish
We have the same cycle in the dark room.
Time7 8:51
We find time fly as we age /it had a lot of research about it and there have five reason 1 we remember less by memorable events  2 ,riot theory  3.our biological clock slows 4.we have all of that boring adult stuff  5. stress  

peggychianglove

1:49, 162w/m
2:25, 137w/m
2:33, 141w/m
2:35, 155w/m
2:00, 169w/m
6:16, 195w/m

越狱LV

Speaker

The reindeer has internal clock set by melatonin to synchronize their annual clock. But they tell the date but could not tell the time of a day.

2. 03:04.17
Our brain has two internal clocks to help us always keep accurate time.

3. 03:11.71
A part of brain called Hippocampus could measure the passage of time. An experiment with rats shows that they can not tell the difference between similar intervals without Hippocampus.

4. 05:11.37
Striatum and Hippocampus are competing with each other. Damaging striatum will lead to the problem of processing time.

5. 03:57.12
New drugs are developed to overcome the Jet lag and reset our biological clock. Four discoveries suggest the the possibilities.

6. 03:19.79
The blind cavefish could control their internal clock by controlling the metabolism in the darkness.

the rest 01:45.53
The cave-dwelling fish does’t show the same behaviour. More researchers are interested in those animals that don’t have the circadian rhythm.

Obstacle 06:46.70

As we grow older, we find the time passes more quickly. Experiments are made by researchers to prove that time speeds up by fewer memory events. Besides, young people feel time goes slowly while old people use swift metaphor to describe the passage of time. The studies draw two conclusions that time pressure contributes to our perception of time and time passage is also cross-cultural. Psychologists put forth 5 theories to explain why we feel time passes quickly as we grow up.

HaiqingYU

01:58-> Two internal clock inside the brain detects the passing time
02:20->hippo is significant to distinguish in longtime period
02:20-> competition between stratum and hippo
02:42-> what is jet clock and 3 new devolved drugs that may cure by  involving the chemical signal, light explore and neurotransmitter serotonin
01:53-> Different from its counterparts, the Mexican fish save the energy consumption without  the internal clock

07:47->as we get old, times seem to pass by quick, because there is less "firsts event"
       Experiment: association between age and perception of time: <50 vs >50
                                                                     20-59 more time pressure
       some explanation from psychologists

sutingting

Speaker:
Reindeer eats plants that contains toxins.
But when reindeer eats plants that kind of toxin reduces, the split is still unsolved.

Speed:
Time2[2'36]
Time3[2'35]
Time4[3'08]
Two inner clocks in brain->
At very beginning scientists merely know one of them - striatum,which is neccessary of processing time
Some researches and experiments found that hippocampus can distinguish between similar long time intervals ->
However, the relationship between this two inner clocks is still unknown.

Time5[2'50]
Old ways to deal with jet-lag, four discoveries concerning the molecular biology of circadian ryhythms suggest new possibilites of new drugs and treatment.

Time6[2'16]
The rest[1'46]
The blind cavefish consumes less energy than its counterparts -> it saves energy by forgoing circadian rhythms -> knowledge about circadian rhythms -> how reseaches found out the blind cavefish lack the inner clock -> question raised

Obstacles[7'52]
Early thought: as we age,time seems to speed up
W & G experiments: weak association between age and perception of time
New finding and conclusions: "time pressure" influence people's perception of time, time pressure is cross-culture
Hard to find why, but scientists put forward some theories.