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【速度1-3】VOA special English计时1
Should All Students inUS Learn the Same Things?08 June 2011
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
More than forty of the fifty American states have approved what are known as the common core state standards. These are lists of content that students are supposed to learn at each grade level from kindergarten to high school.
State governors and schools chiefs led the effort to develop the standards. The project involved teachers, administrators, experts and public comments. The final standards were released last June.
Acceptanceis voluntary. But acceptance helped states that entered President Obama's four-billion-dollar "Race to the Top" competition for school reform.
The standards are for English language arts and math. More subjects may come later.
Supporters say the standards provide clear goals to prepare students to succeed in college and in jobs. But critics of national standards say the idea goes against one of America's oldest traditions -- local control of education.
Political conservatives generally oppose federal intervention in schools. Yet it was a Republican president, George W. Bush, who expanded testing requirements to show that public schools are making yearly progress.
Still,opponents of national standards call them "one-size-fits-all." They say the idea does not make sense for a country as large and diverse as the United States.
One of those opponents is Bill Evers at the Hoover Institution at Stanford Universityin California. He was an assistant education secretary under President Bush.
BILLEVERS: "We are having Washington, DC, having control and final say over,and supervision over and direction over, what is happening in the classrooms of America, in the public schools. Most changes, most positive influences have bubbled up from below.
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"Soit's closing the door on innovation by locking in a national, uniform bureaucratic system. But the states don’t have a problem in setting their curriculum -- they’ve been doing it ever since there've been public schools.”
Richard Reilly was education secretary to President Bill Clinton, a Democrat. Mr.Reilly says the federal government is not forcing the common core standards on states.
RICHARDREILLY: "Conservatives would be concerned if we had federal-mandated common core standards. That’s not what we have. It’s a state-driven measure.High standards, challenging work for young people across the country. To be challenged to do and be the same, and not one way in Texas and another way in South Carolina."
Mr.Reilly says when he served in the nineteen nineties, he pushed states to develop their own state wide standards. But some of those standards were not very strong, he says, so he believes national standards are needed.
But Bill Evers says technology now makes it easier to develop individual learning plans to meet the different needs of students.
BILLEVERS: "If we put a bureaucratic hand on this, we will stifle the capacityfor modern technology to give us a better shot at the students learning thematerial."
He saysschools should worry less about a common curriculum and more about improvingteacher quality.
Andthat’s the VOA Special English Education Report. We'll have more about thisdebate next week. You can find a link to the common core standards atvoaspecialenglish.com. I'm Christopher Cruise.
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Hope of Profit, SocialChange Meet in New College Programs 02 June 2011
This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
Small business entrepreneurs play animportant part in American job growth. Small businesses have created almost two-thirds of new jobs in the last fifteen years. They also employ about fortypercent of the workers in high technology jobs.
The economy has traditionally beendivided into three sectors. One is the private sector, meaning businesses. Thesecond is the public sector, or government. And the third is the nonprofitsector.
But now some people talk about afourth sector. It represents nonprofit and for-profit organizations workingtoward goals of social change and environmental activism.
Universities are starting to offertraining and degree programs to prepare students to work in this area. One ofthese schools is Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. It now offers adegree in social entrepreneurship.
Bernard Turner is director of theCenter for Social Entrepreneurship at the university. He says student interestis driving these new programs.
BERNARD TURNER: "Students aresaying 'Now I want to be an entrepreneur, but I want to do something that dealswith a social problem or a social issue that's dear to me.' So what happens isthat a lot of these programs have come to fruition because they arestudent-driven."
William Paddock is founder anddirector of a business consulting company in Tennessee called WAPSustainability. He has a business degree and training in the area ofenvironmental sustainability.
Recently, the Custom Packagingcompany of Lebanon, Tennessee, hired him to help make its business moreenvironmentally friendly. The company makes cardboard advertising displays forsales campaigns.
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Mr. Paddock advised the company onrecycling and ways to create less waste. He also persuaded the business to useelectricity from solar energy.
William Paddock offers his consulting services for profit, but says social responsibility is a big part of what hiscompany does.
WILLIAM PADDOCK: "For us it'sabout protecting the environment, being better to society, but also there's aneconomic piece to it. We love to, you know, find our passions, but also savesomebody money."
There are now more than sixtyAmerican universities offering so-called green business degrees.
The definition of socialentrepreneurship and the exact nature of this sector continue to evolve. Somepeople are more interested in social programs and charity. Others are moreinterested in business plans and profits. But the root of the movement seems tobe a desire to earn a living and make a difference at the same time.
And that’s the VOA Special EnglishEconomics report, co-written by Mike Osborne. You can watch a video report onsocial entrepreneurship at voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Mario Ritter
American History: GermanForces Defeated in Russia and Britain08 June 2011
STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THEMAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. I’m Steve Ember.
(MUSIC)
In December nineteen forty-one, theUnited States was at war.
It declared war against Japan afterJapanese planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. A fewdays later, Germany and Italy declared war against the United States.
President Franklin Roosevelt quickly decided that America could not fight major campaigns in the Pacific and inEurope at the same time. He and his advisers decided to fight first against theGermans and Italians. Then, when victory in Europe seemed sure, the UnitedStates could turn to fight the Japanese in Asia.
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This left the Japanese free to extend their power throughout Asia and thewestern Pacific. Soon after the attack at Hawaii, Japanese forces invaded HongKong, Malaya and the Philippines. American forces in the Philippines suffered heavy losses. And Manila fell to Japanese troops. In February nine teenforty-two, Japan's forces won a great victory against the British inSingapore.
Japanese forces marched into Burma.They attacked Ceylon -- now Sri Lanka -- and captured the Andaman Islands inthe Bay of Bengal. The Japanese military forces seemed too strong to stop.
President Roosevelt sent some forcesto the Pacific. And he began to rebuild the American naval forces destroyed atPearl Harbor. But he sent most of America's military strength to Europe. TheUnited States rushed troops and war equipment to help Britain survive againstAdolf Hitler's Germany.
American military leaders wanted tofight Germany quickly by launching an attack across the English Channel. ButBritish Prime Minister Winston Churchill opposed this.
He and others feared such an invasionmight fail. So, British and American forces attacked Italian and Germanoccupation troops in North Africa. They defeated them, and then crossed theMediterranean Sea to attack enemy forces in Sicily. Within weeks, they pushedthe Germans out of Sicily to the Italian mainland. The Allied invasion of Italyfollowed.
Hitler could not strengthen hisforces in North Africa and Italy, because Germany also was fighting hard in theSoviet Union.
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