P1:科学家的自由与国家之间的矛盾
1.科学家倡导 freedom to share new scientific knowledge with scientists throughout the world
2.20世纪科学与国家的密切关系——undermined these ideals
3.原因:large and expensive projects——> national funds; direction——>national security (military defense)
P2:以Soviet Union的科学家为例
ambiguous position
——>government encourage&supported research but imposed significant restrictions
——>1. dismissal of all non-Russian scientific work
——>2. A 1973 article in Literatunaya Gazeta
——>3. socialist science = political——>证据:1930 Soviet scientists simply disappeared;1970 反对者lost their jobs and were barred
——>类比:Nazi Germany&Argentina