From Dustin [SC总结] SC出题者的五个困难化设计策略（一）结构复杂化

luckyalula

因为我看繁体中文有难度，所以把Dustin大牛的SC总结做成简体版方便自己复习，谢谢Dustin， 原帖在此
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1318612-1-1.html

最近开始重新总结所有的官方题目。慢慢发现站在「出题者」的角度而不是「做题者的角度」思考：究竟GMAC是怎么出题的？这样子对SC实战的做题可以更清晰。因此，这边打算分几个帖子慢慢打一些东西分享我的想法，望各位版友指教。

个人以为，在实战中大家对SC的「惊呼」，不外乎以下两者：

怎么跟平常做的OG/PP题目长得很不一样？抓不到考点啊！
我觉得没有不一样，也觉得我解起来挺顺利的，但ESR出来SC的percentile怎么这么低？

经由两三年内慢慢地跟一些台湾的GMAT战友聊过之后，大概可以归结成以下五个方向。这些方向无关乎大家过去所研究的考点跟知识点，而是「设计题目的模式」。

1. 结构复杂化
2. 惯用语陷阱
3. 生难字阻碍
4. 隐藏资讯
5. 层级陷阱


其中，前三个是会让应考者觉得「怎么跟平常做的OG/PP题目长得很不一样？抓不到考点啊！」的设计手法。后两个则是「我觉得没有不一样，也觉得我解起来挺顺利的，但ESR出来SC的percentile怎么这么低？！」的陷阱。

今天想要来讲的是「结构复杂化」的一些想法。

众所周知，在OG/PP，大部分的人所熟悉的题目类型是像是这样的：


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Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional downpayment to be able to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.


(A)  programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing and to apply
(B)  programs, which enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing, applying
(C)  programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply
(D)  programs, which enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing, applying
(E)  programs; that enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing, to apply


这种我称之为「部分改写设计」，选项间相似程度高，可以轻易比对出有限的差异为何。也就是「整容」的程度。这种一般我们考试中不会有抓不到考点的问题。透过纵向去对照选项间的差异点（比如对照到enable/enables）可以很快地知道出题者的测验意图。

但是，在考试中往往题库难度一提高，画线部分会变长，出题者就会开始把选项给【毁容】

Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls forproducing electric power, he predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity generated at Niagara would one day power thestreetcars of London and the streetlights of Paris.

(A) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Fallsfor producing electric power, he
(B) The prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power was exciting to Nikola Tesla, the inventor ofalternating current, and so he
(C) Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola Tesla, the inventor ofalternating current,
(D) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for theproduction of electric power and
(E) The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing of electricpower, Nikola Tesla


Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

(A) Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
(B) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
(C) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
(D) Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
(E) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
[size=9.000000pt]


这种，我称作「全面改写设计」。我想这两个例题出来，大家应该会蛮有感觉的：实战遇到这种题目根本只能跟他硬干、拼了、靠语感。是的，出题者就是故意要让你看到这种结构复杂的句子心生烦躁，然后就自然会倾向靠「语感」、「念起来顺不顺怪不怪」来解题，但是却忽略掉文法跟语意逻辑等更优先、大方向的考点。

那么现在来讲讲我认为的破解方法。

不同于前面刚刚讲的「部分改写」可以轻易靠抓到差异点来思考，全面改写的题目因为改太大了，所以差异点很难抓。但是不管改得再怎么面目全非，任何句子都还是会有两层结构：「核心结构（去掉修饰语后，能让句子构成最基本合理意思的S+V+(O)+(SC/OC)）」 、「修饰语」。

因此，我的处理方式会是：

[ 先抓每个选项核心结构 ]

这时我只会思考两件事情：

1. 核心结构的文法正确吗？不正确当然直接删掉（sentence fragment）。


Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the streetlights of Paris.

(A) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he
(B) The prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power was exciting to Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, and so he
(C) Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current,
(D) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for the production of electric power and
(E) The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing of electric power, Nikola Tesla


比如这里光快速扫过抓核心结构，就能够删去A/B/D。


2. 核心结构的语意「合理」吗？

这时要小心，除非像是「机器喝水」或者「人泄洪」这种很明显莫名其妙的主谓搭配，大部分GMAT所考察的英文语意逻辑都是细微的，一定要靠比较其他选项才能感觉得出来。其实这是我们华人考生的原罪：汉语的句子表达逻辑要求精确度不高，是一个「你知道的」的语言，听者要聪明，讲者可以隐晦。但SC的表达要求是「讲者要负起传达的责任」，因此我们在单看一个选项时往往会站在「聪明听者」的角度将其合理化。

比如我说「个性刚愎自用的希特勒促成了纳粹德国的灭亡」。这是我们平常讲话都觉得可以理解的句子。 SC单出现这句时，你不会觉得有问题。但是如果跟另一个选项「希特勒刚愎自用的个性促成了纳粹德国的灭亡」相比，你是不是就很清楚知道自己要判断的是「人导致灭亡」还是「个性导致灭亡」哪个逻辑比较合理？


这就是我想表达的意思。所以在检查核心结构的语意时请务必要跟另个选项做对照。必要时，还要去看其他子句跟修饰语的资讯，来决定核心语意强调什么比较适合。比如：

(A) Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
(B) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
(C) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
(D) Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
(E) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.


人是原因，还是事情是原因？这样我们就能明确删掉BC，而ADE的句子后半就回到「部分改写」的设计模式，用比较差异点的方式即可解掉。


In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from thestone would crystallize  
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone wascrystallizing


这里大家可以思考强调重心的不同，谁更适合当前方「the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair」的原因？

＊注意：你抓核心语意的时候，先只考虑文法正不正确跟语意合不合理，你一定会抓到像是歧义、改变语意跟冗长精简等考点，这些一定要先放在心里，这些都是相对考点（正确选项有时可以容忍的错误），等等回来再算总帐。


然后如果核心结构都合理，第二层我们才是：

[ 检查修饰语 ]

在你前面抓取骨干的时候，应该也大概对句子里修饰语的位置改变/用法差异有些印象。这时比较起来会更快。比如刚刚剩下的：


Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the streetlights of Paris.

(C) Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current,
(E) The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing of electric power, Nikola Tesla


可以很明显地看到只剩这个差异点。 E选项相对于C选项存在着跳跃修饰才能修到inventor、夹心（双向修饰）前后等歧义。因此答案选C。

注意：如果有一个以上的考点时，仍然应该先处理文法跟语意合理的问题。关于「歧义」「改变原意」「写法精简冗长」都要先放着。
注意：这里检查修饰语语意还是要用比较原则。比较使用结构的差异、比较位置的差异、比较两边语意成分的差异。


[ 相对考点算总帐 ]


最后，当你把核心结构（裸体）跟修饰语（衣服）都检查完是否有文法错误跟语意不合理（绝对考点）后。剩下就可以来处理刚刚搁置的相对考点了。处理的时候按照：清晰（无歧异）>忠实（无改变原意）>精简（偏好表达）的层级来判断。 （这个层级我会在后面的第五篇分享详述）。

大概就是这样。以上虽然写得非常长，但其实就只是讲解一个处理流程，两个核心思想：

一个处理流程：
先看裸体，再看穿衣。

两个核心思想：
坚决团结拥护文法、合理，其他后面再来清算斗争。
看语意靠选项间的比较，不要单吃一个选项。


习惯后，处理这种题目可以压在一分钟内。或许你会说，像外国人一样一个句子一个句子看用感觉的不是更快？那前提是你要有外国人的「英语脑」（这里如果有ABC或者从小在英美受教育的，可以忽略这一篇，这篇是给英文非母语人士的策略。你们单一选项读会更好）。人家的英语逻辑是根深蒂固的，他可能讲得出不合理，但讲不出原因（就像写OG解释的人一样...）。你考试时要靠不稳的语感？还是靠标准稳定的解题流程？

最后，再提示一件有趣的事：如果大家把OG里面的这种「全面改写题」抓出来检查，会发现大部分的题目出题者都有在玩「趁乱偷换核心语意」这一招。

大概是这样。下一次，想要来讨论的是「生难字障碍」跟「罕见惯用语陷阱」的出题策略与破解模式。此篇文章还有很多疏漏不足，希望大家多多给我建议，我会认真补正。

Brandon12

感谢分享！               

西风和瘦马

楼主其它的呢，求带

吹吹超可爱

Mark一下！               

脏洪圆

感谢分享！               

GoSpurs

感谢分享！               

步步步

感谢分享!