求解一道PREP语法题，麻烦各位牛牛解答下哈

DUKB24

Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period， it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood， and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter。

D。mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Navada take three to four years until they reach adulthood，thus
E。mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Navada take three to four years to reach adulthood，and so they are
因为其他选项都错得很明显，所以就不打，只是对D有点疑惑，E是正确答案
PREP对D的解释是restricted作为过去分词是和动词的谓语同时发生，不能表达出因果关系。。。所以想求教各位高手么，过去分词能像现在分词一样作为伴随状态表结果么。。。还有一个衍生出来的问题就是，如果现在分词做伴随的状态表结果，此时这个用法，和so的用法区别在哪里？？？？谢谢各位高手了！

fdrandom

过去分词不能修饰谓语的

HarrisZheng

D还有别的错误 until是不能这么用的 没有take XXX amount of time until这样的说法
另外一点 过去分词做状语，逻辑主语可以被理解为adulthood 这样的意思显然是荒诞的 所以补出they are会让逻辑意思更明确