平行结构以及逗号and to do 疑难请教

enkyklios

Last week it warned it would not be able to guarantee the safety of foreign embassy staff after 10 April, and that countries should begin evacuating their diplomatic staff
Built in 1850, the Landwehrkanal was once used as a drainage system and to transport goods.
若语义需要，不定式与that从句或其他结构并列是完全可能的。如：　　
Fractals are used in the study of things like forked lightning and to produce some types of computer graphics. 　　
此句摘自《剑桥高级英语词典》（第3版）fractal 词条，其中的不定式to produce some types of computer graphics 与介词短语in the study of things like forked lightning 用 and 并列。　　
They usually want low taxes and to encourage private businesses rather than businesses owned by the state. 　　
此句摘自《朗文当代英语辞典》(2003年第4版) right 词条。句中的不定式to encourage private businesses rather than businesses owned by the state 用and 与名词短语 low taxes 并列。

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In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
A) in part thattheir steers should acquire certain characteristics
(B) in part for theacquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
(C) partly because oftheir steers acquiring certain characteristics
(D) partly becausecertain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
(E) partly to acquirecertain characteristics in their steers



为什么句子后的不定式被逗号隔开来呢？这是什么用法呢？

[不定式作独立成分·表让步
not to mention 更不用说，还不算
He can speak French, German and Japanese, not to mention English. 他会说法语，德语和日语, 更不用说英语。
There’re ten of us ready to help, not to mention [without mentioning] the children. 我们有10个人愿意帮忙，还不算小孩。
to say nothing of 姑且不讲，更不用说，何况
You’ve wasted eight hours’ time, to say nothing of the material. 你浪费了八个钟头的时间，还不说材料。
He had to go to prison for a month to say nothing of the fine. 他得入狱一个月 更不用说罚款了。
to put it mildly 说得轻些，不夸张地说，说得婉转些
To put it mildly, she’s just a bit inquisitive. 说得轻些，她只是有点爱打听。
to say the least 至少可以这样说，不夸张地说，说得轻些
The evidence for all these charges seems, to say the least, unlikely to prove convincing in court. 所有这些指控的证据，说得婉转些，在法庭上似乎不大可能令人信服。
To say the least, their techniques are old-fashioned. 说得再轻一点，他们的工艺至少太老了。

rather than
用法详解
一、用作连词
用作连词，相当于but not，意为“而不”、“不是……(而是)”、“与其……(不如)”，前后连接的成分应该是平行的。如：
He ran rather than walked. 他不是在走而是在跑。
He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是教师还不如说他是作家。
You are doing this for yourself rather than for others. 你做这件事不是为别人而是为你自己。
It was what he meant rather than what he said. 这是他的意思，而不是他说的话。
二、用作介词
用作介词时，也表示but not，其意为“而不”、“不是……(而是)”、“与其……(不如)”，正如一般介词要后接动名词作宾语一样，rather than后也可接动名词作宾语。如：
I decided to write a cheque rather than using the last of my cash,  我决定开张支票而不把现金用光。(from www.yywords.com)
三、特别说明
由于既可视为并列连词也可视为介词，所以连接不定式时，后面一个不定式可带to或不带to(视为准并列连词时)，也可用动名词(视为介词时)。如：
I decided to stay at home rather than (to) go [going] to the cinema. 我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去看电影。
四、语法上的提醒
1. 若 rather than 位于句首，其后的不定式通常不带to(也可用动名词)。如：
Rather than go there by air, I’d take the slowest train. 我宁可乘最慢的火车去也不愿坐飞机去。
Rather than waste [wasting] your time doing it yourself, why don’t you call in a builder? 你为什么宁愿浪费时间自己去干而不去请一个包工的呢?
2. 连接两个成分作主语时，其谓语动词的数通常与前面一个主语保持一致。如：
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。

as well as 后接动词到底是该用什么形式，这是一比较复杂的问题，归纳起来有以下几点值得注意：
1. as well as 通常被视为介词，所以后接动词时，一般用动名词形式。如：
He sings as well as playing the piano. 他不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。
As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。
Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 吸烟不仅使你身上有气味，而且危险。
She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。
注：as well as 后接动词用动名词的情况主要见于主句谓语为简单时态(即一般现在时和一般过去时)的时候。
2. 如果主句谓语为复合时态(即其中含有情态动词或助动词)，则as well as 后的动词通常要与情态动词或助动词后的动词形式保持一致。如：
Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work. 学生不仅应该做要好家庭作业，而且还要有自己的兴趣。
I have to feed the animals as well as look after the children. 我不但要照顾孩子们，而且还要喂那些马。
3. 如果as well as 是连接两个不定式，则其后用不带to的不定式。如：
A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate. 博物馆不仅要有教育性还且还要有娱乐性。
We cannot expect her to do the homework as well as look after the children. 我们不能指望她既做作业又照看孩子。
4. 当as well as 用于句首时，其后习惯上要接动名词。如：
As well as eating a seven-course meal, they drank three bottles of wine. 除吃了一顿有七道菜的饭之外，他们还喝了三瓶酒。
As well as walking, he likes fishing and shooting. 他除散步之外还喜欢钓鱼和打猎。
As well as visiting Niagara Falls, we spent a day in Toronto. 我们参观了Niagara 瀑布，而且学在多伦多玩了一天。
As well as getting on everybody’s nerves, he’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. 他使得人人都感到心烦，此外，他还有个习惯，就是借了钱就忘了还。
注：as well as 有时也被视为准并列连词，后接的动词可以与主句谓语动词形式一致（但这种情形远不如用后接动名词普遍）。如：
He publishes as well as prints his own books.

let alone
His cabin is uninhabitable in summer,let alone in winter.他的小屋连夏天都不好住，更不用说在冬天住了。 2. We can't afford a bicycle, let alone a car. 我们连自行车也买不起，更不用说汽车了。 3. He's the best shot in the world, let alone in England.他是世界上最好的射击手，更不用说在英国了。4. We fear no death, let alone difficulties.我们死都不怕，何况困难？5. I'm so sick today that I couldn't walk as far as the kitchen, let alone go to the zoo with you.今天病得连厨房那么远都走不动，更不用说陪你逛动物园了。

bejamin1111

Tell sb. To do Sth.

enkyklios

我知道是tell sb to do sth   但是我要说的是这样的话to do 就和 that ……从句并列了，      这还怎么平行？

bejamin1111

enkyklios 发表于 2013-4-6 16:31
我知道是tell sb to do sth   但是我要说的是这样的话to do 就和 that ……从句并列了，      这还怎么平行 ...

你的并列就是parallelism的意思吧。and连接的句子不一定结构上就得parallelism；

这句话补全应该是这样子；
North Korea has told foreign embassies in Pyongyang that it cannot guarantee their safety in the event of conflict and (North Korea has told foreign embassies ) to consider evacuating their employees.

这两个句子需要用and连接，否则就是run on

enkyklios

那就是说我上边造的那个句子也是对了吗？    I tell you the secret, and(I tell you ) to go to university

enkyklios

另有一句话也是出于新闻；   Salgado trained as an economist and didn't pick up a camera until he was 26.     这两天对parallelism 很感兴趣，红线部分是定语吗？如果and并列的是两个句子的话 trained 似乎前边应应该有 be啊？如果是后置定语怎么后边能平行上一个句子呢？
谢谢bejamin111

bejamin1111

enkyklios 发表于 2013-4-6 17:02
另有一句话也是出于新闻；   Salgado trained as an economist and didn't pick up a camera until he was  ...

你这定语怎么还包括了谓语动词...
train前面有没有be那又是另外一回事了——语态的选择；
我感觉这里应该用was，即 he was trained as an。。。但是我google了下这个句子，的确是没有用被动语态。我还是感觉应该有；

enkyklios

但是如果改成了被动语态，那就是主动和被动的平行!!!!

我刚在论坛里看了一下也有其它人问到主动语态和被动语态平行的问题；  Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first
woman to draw a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22,
was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to

也就是说主动语态可以和被动语态平行吗？  

enkyklios

http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/sc-dressed-as-a-man-and-using-the-name-robert-shurtleff-t7986.html    确实可以并列

bejamin1111

你这一个问题引申的太长了。。。