【揽瓜阁5.0】Day2 2021.02.09【人文科学-历史、艺术】

妥妥

  揽瓜阁俱乐部第五期

  Day2 2021.02.09

【人文科学-历史】

Poland’s forgotten heroism and suffering：Roger Moorhouse’s history sets the wartime record straight

（The Economist- 629 字 短阅读）

First to Fight: The Polish War 1939. By Roger Moorhouse.Bodley Head; 400 pages; £25.

Everyone agrees that the second world war was seismic. Ask when it started, however, and views differ, revealingly. For Chinese, it was the Japanese attack of July 1937. Soviet and Russian histories mark June 22nd 1941, when the perfidious Nazi invasion began. Britain and France regard the period between the declaration of hostilities in 1939 and May 1940 as the “phoney war”, or drôle de guerre.

But as Roger Moorhouse, a British historian, notes, there was nothing phoney about the war in Poland. The opening five weeks of slaughter were a gory template for the 300 that followed: 200,000 people died, the overwhelming majority of them Poles, and mostly civilians. Poles would be “exposed to every horror that modern conflict could devise”, including indiscriminate aerial bombing, and massacres of civilians and pows.

Yet the campaign fought by Nazi Germany from September 1st 1939, the associated Soviet invasion on September 17th, and the brave, chaotic and doomed defence launched by Poland, are strangely absent from standard histories, in any language. The last serious British study of this aspect of the war was published in 1972. The biggest television history of the conflict, “The World at War”, a 26-part documentary broadcast in 1973, interviewed most of the surviving decision-makers—but did not include a single Polish contributor.

Mr Moorhouse’s book remedies that gap, weaving together archival material, first-hand accounts, perceptive analysis and heartbreaking descriptions of Poland’s betrayal, defeat and dismemberment. Pre-war Poland was a big country, with the world’s fifth-largest armed forces. But it was an economic weakling. The combined Polish defence budget for the five years before the outbreak of war was just one-tenth of the Luftwaffe’s allocation for 1939 alone. The Poles had courage, flair and grit. But they lacked the decisive elements: armour and air-power. Military planning was plagued by secrecy and mistaken assumptions. Some of the top commanders were notable duds.

Despite that, Hitler’s stuttering war machine was repeatedly halted, bloodied and on occasion even defeated by the Polish defenders. The myth of invincible Blitzkrieg was burnished, self-interestedly, by the Nazis themselves. For their part, the Western allies, Britain and France, portrayed Poland as a hopeless cause to justify their defence of their ally “using vowels and consonants alone”. One of many striking anecdotes on this score concerns Britain’s reluctance to bomb Germany—on the ground (seriously) that it risked damaging private property.

Kremlin self-interest skewed the story, too. Stalin’s march into eastern Poland, under a secret deal with Hitler, was justified on the (fictitious) basis that the Polish state had already ceased to exist, and that only Soviet intervention could restore order. In fact, the savagery of the Soviet occupiers matched, and sometimes even exceeded, that of the Nazis. Both invaders, writes Mr Moorhouse, applied a “brutal, binary, totalitarian logic: a racist binary in the German case, a class binary in the Soviet.” In the eyes of the Nazis, a circumcised penis justified execution. For the Soviets, a soft, uncallused palm signalled an intellectual who ought to be eliminated. In all, 5.5m Polish citizens (including 3m Jews), or a fifth of the entire pre-war population, would perish.

The surrender of Poland’s regular forces on October 6th did not mark the end of the fighting. A well-organised underground army, reporting to the government-in-exile in London, continued the struggle until the further and final betrayal of Poland’s interests by the Western allies at Yalta. It all deserves more than the simplistic but widespread caricature of a country which met the invading tanks with a cavalry charge. As Mr Moorhouse admirably explains, Poland’s cavalry was in fact remarkably effective. The blame for defeat, and for the subsequent distortion and neglect of Poland’s story, lies elsewhere.

Source: The Economist

【人文科学-历史】

Hawaiian temples

（ WSY -338 字 短精读）

Source: WSY

【人文科学-艺术】

Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man of math

(TED-3分6秒-584字-精听)

先做听力再核对原文哦~

链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1oZoF8LrRbVCs6OSb9wLsfA 提取码: qh1w

This image of the Vitruvian Man, taken from Leonardo's sketches, has become one of the most recognizable symbols of the Renaissance. But why? It's a simple pen and ink drawing, right? Wrong! Let's start to answer this question with a math problem. I know how to calculate the area of a circle. I take the value for pi and multiply it by the radius squared. I also know how to take the area of a square. I multiply the base by itself. But how can I take the area of a circle and create a square with an equal area?

This is a problem often called "squaring a circle" that was first proposed in the ancient world. And like many ideas of the ancient world, it was given new life during the Renaissance. As it turns out, this problem is impossible to solve because of the nature of pi, but that's another story. Leonardo's sketch, which is influenced by the writings of the Roman architect, Vitruvius, places a man firmly at the center of a circle and a square.

Vitruvius claimed the navel is the center of the human body and that if one takes a compass and places the fixed point on the navel, a circle can be drawn perfectly around the body. Additionally, Vitruvius recognized that arm span and height have a nearly perfect correspondence in the human body, thus placing the body perfectly inside a square as well. Leonardo used the ideas of Vitruvius to solve the problem of squaring a circle metaphorically using mankind as the area for both shapes. Leonardo wasn't just thinking about Vitruvius, though. There was an intellectual movement in Italy at the time called Neoplatonism. This movement took an old concept from the 4th century developed by Plato and Aristotle, called "The Great Chain of Being." This belief holds that the universe has a hierarchy resembling a chain, and that chain starts at the top with God, then travels down through the angels, planets, stars, and all lifeforms before ending with demons and devils.

Early in this philosophic movement, it was thought that mankind's place in this chain was exactly in the center. Because humans have a mortal body accompanied by an immortal soul, we divide the universe nicely in half. Around the time Leonardo sketched the Vitruvian Man, however, a Neoplatonist named Pico Della Mirandola had a different idea. He pried mankind off the chain and claimed that humans have a unique ability to take any position they want. Pico claimed that God desired a being capable of comprehending the beautiful and complicated universe he had created.

This led to the creation of mankind, which he placed at the center of the universe with the ability to take whatever form he pleases. Mankind, according to Pico, could crawl down the chain and behave like an animal or crawl up the chain and behave like a god, it's our choice. Looking back at the sketch, we can see that by changing the position of the man, he can fill the irreconcilable areas of a circle and a square. If geometry is the language the universe is written in, then this sketch seems to say we can exist within all its elements.

Mankind can fill whatever shape he pleases geometrically and philosophically as well. In this one sketch, Leonardo was able to combine the mathematics, religion, philosophy, architecture, and artistic skill of his age. No wonder it has become such an icon for the entire time period.

Source: TED

【笔记格式要求】

同学们任选 2 篇文章精读/精听并进行笔记打卡

精读笔记格式要求：

1.总结文章中心大意

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

4.总结文章中的生词

5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间

精听笔记格式要求：

1.逐句听写整篇文章

2.对照原文修改听写稿，标记出错原因

3.总结文章中心大意

4.总结精听过程中的生词

5.记录听写时间、总结时间、总时间

这里也给大家三点学习小建议哦~

精读：如遇到读不懂的复杂句，建议找出句子主干，分析句子成分，也可以尝试翻译句子来帮助理解~

精听：建议每句不要反复纠结听，如果听 5 遍都没听出来，那就跳过，等完成后再回听总结原因，时间宝贵，不要过于执着哦~

jiajiajiayi

打卡第二天～

Timebegger

补卡！

我查了资料，波兰二战时的战斗力确实猛，骑兵的快速反应和战斗游走能力是毋庸置疑的，反正那个时候比装甲车要快许多。波兰的战争潜力也很足，除了没钱，啥都有，至于落后的战略啦，政治腐败什么的，在那个时候，只要国家不亡，都是小事。我个人认为确实有盟友背刺的事情，但前苏联可能是乱说的，手动狗头。

Chloe_gogogo!

day2

llllllllllea

DAY2

lccarol

DAY2

敛锋cader

顶楼主！               

wangminghan

Day2:
第一篇：
Core: The contribution of Poland to World War Two should not be neglected.
Excerpt:
It all deserves more than the simplistic but widespread caricature of a country which met the invading tanks with a cavalry charge.

Words:
revealingly:in a way that shows something that was not previously known or seen
perfidious:背信弃义的；不忠贞的
phoney: 虚伪的；假冒的，伪造的
gory:血腥暴力的；残暴的；血淋淋的
weave:编，编织；编制，编成
dismemberment: the action of dividing a country or organization into different parts
weakling: someone who is weak, either physically or in character
flair: 天赋，天资，天分
stuttering : 断断续续地运转
skewed ：不准确的，不确切的
savegary:残暴（行为），凶残（行径）；兽性
uncallused: 不长茧子的
caricature：讽刺

第二篇：
core：Scientist used the radiometric technique on coral to confirm the building time of Haiwaiian Temple to be within 30 years
Excerpt：Kirch and Sharp observe that the conquests described by local oral traditions coincide with these new dates, and would have more than doubled the size of the Maui polity (政权) to upwards of 2360 square kilometers-the magnitude of expansion expected with the formation of an archaic state.

Harriet1

第一篇

1.总结文章中心大意

纠正二战开始时在波兰的战争的事实

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

• 1）关于第二次世界大战是何时开始的，不同国家有不同的观点
  
• 2）段三~段四：RM认为发生在波兰的战争不是伪造的，但是这段历史没有被载入标准历史中。
  
• 3）段五-段六：M弥补了这段历史，补充了相关的资料，讲述了尽管波兰存在战力战术的缺陷，但仍然贡献了自己的力量，而这一点被西方盟友刻意忽视。
  
• 4）Kremlin也歪曲了这个事实。
  
• 5）波兰的骑兵实际上非常有效。失败的罪魁祸首，以及随后对波兰故事的歪曲和忽视，应归咎于其他地方。
  

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

4.总结文章中的生词

• Seismic 形容词 (转变、变化)突如其来的，巨大的，急剧的 A seismic shift or change is a very sudden or dramatic change.
  
  
    
  • 形容词 地震的;地震引起的
    

• perfidiousadj. 不诚实的;背信弃义的
  
• hostility n.战争
  
• Phoney 假的，伪造的
  
• Slaughter     n.屠杀
  
• Gory     ■involving violence and blood 血腥暴力的；残暴的；血淋淋的
  
• Template     样本，范本，模板something that is used as a pattern for     producing other similar things
  
• Indiscriminate     ■not showing careful thought or planning, especially so that     harm results 不加思考的，未加计划的，任意的（尤指带来不良后果）
  
  
    
  • •an indiscriminate terrorist      attack on civilians对平民肆意的恐怖袭击
      
  • •The indiscriminate use      of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.滥用化肥可能导致长期的问题。
    
• massacre 名词/动词 大屠杀;大残杀
  
• Contributor     投稿者；促成因素
  
• Remedy 纠正，补救
  
• Archival     档案的archive档案
  
• perceptive敏锐的
  
• dismemberment国家或组织的）分裂，瓦解
  
• Fictitious     假的
  
• Cavalry 骑兵
  

5.阅读时间7min、总结时间35min、总时42min

第二篇

1.总结文章中心大意

• 夏威夷古庙可能在短短30年而不是250年内建成的，最新发现可能会改变人们对其接触外界前社会政治变革的理解。 为了证明建成的时间，考古学家由于碳年代追溯发法的局限性无法确定，后又举例两位科学家使用另一种技术进行测量。
  

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

• 总领全文：夏威夷古庙可能在短短30年而不是250年内建成的，最新发现可能会改变人们对其接触外界前社会政治变革的理解。
  
• 旧方法：由于缺乏相关技术，考古学家无法确认变化顺序
  
• 新方法：新方法测量发现有转变
  
• 测量结果与考古证据一致
  

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

4.总结文章中的生词

• Radiometric辐射测量
  
• Archaic古老的，古代的
  
• Proto原始的
  
• Tangible有形的，真实的
  

5.阅读时间4min、总结时间35min、总时39min

jannabi321

第二篇 【人文历史】 Hawaiian Temples  叙述文

时间：阅读10分钟；总结 65分钟；总 75分钟

大意：

讲了Hawaiian Temples的扩张速度远比科学家想的要快，这些快速扩张说明了当时夏威夷政权的快速扩张。

段意：

【黑色字体 – 第一遍读完后不看原文写的，蓝色字体 – 精读整理】

本文观点 -- Old Views -- 从Dating和口述两方面证据来论证本文观点

P1:  Hawaii mushroomed 30 yrs，而不是之前想的250 yrs；这个发现会改变researchers‘ understanding of。。。

** 故事线：夏威夷（某Maui岛上）史前时代的寺庙数量应该是在30年内快速增长起来的，而不是之前想的250年。这个发现可能会严重改变研究者对”原始形态社会政治变化的速度“的研究

** 第一遍Recall问题：读了两遍都没有抓住句子主干，也没有注意到一些信号词，比如significantly

P2： 之前发现不了是因为carbon dating的limitation

** 故事线：夏威夷的系谱学和口述历史认为在1600 A.D.左右 一个叫Piilani的领导人统一了（在Maui岛）两个不同的酋邦 –》标志了岛上religious state的产生 –〉但人类学家没法确定这些事件的发生顺序 – 》部分原因是carbon dating 的局限性

** 逻辑线：科学家们认为在1600 A.D左右 岛上发生了这几件事 –》但人类学家没法确定确定发生顺序 – 〉 解释原因：因为carbon dating的局限性（预测接下来的段落会用别的方法来检测）

**第一遍Recall问题：读了第二句忘了第一句，说明还是没有找到句子间的联系：（（

P3. 研究者（俩人）用了种新的研究方式，然后研究表明那些samples 都属于那个30yr的period的，说明那时有个sociopolitcal structure transition

**故事线：

1） P VK 和 WDS 俩人用了一种新的radiometric 方法来date 部分branch coral –》【细节】啥样的方法？用了thorium-230，而不是Carbon-14–》 【细节】啥样的coral？那些从寺庙建造过程中的祭品取下的

2）这些corals都可以追溯到1565 – 1638 A.D.期间

3）而且那些最能说明时间的那些Coral都来自1608 – 1638 这30年间。

？？？这个the time they were harvested from the sea 要怎么理解啊

4）这些发现说明这个期间有大量的寺庙被建成 – 》解释原因？因为寺庙被认为是生产控制的中心+过剩货物的收纳所，所以在这个期间寺庙的大量建造应该伴随着一场社会政治结构的巨大转变

** 逻辑线：科学家采用了新的研究方法  研究发现  研究结论&进一步推论

**Recall问题：还是没有抓住句子间的联系，没把他们串成珠子

P4. 这个发现也和当地口口相传的conquest相符，再次证明当时Hawaii有大型的transition

**故事线： K 和 S这两个科学家发现当地口述传统里提到的领土征服的时间也和之前（coral的溯源时间）相符，而且这些征服使得Maui国的面积增加到了2360 平方千米。这些寺庙提供了史前时代的夏威夷的领土扩张的考古证据，而且这些寺庙的扩展可能是在一代夏威夷人的时代下发生的。

**逻辑线：论据2：口述Evidence + 论点重申：这些寺庙说明了当时夏威夷的领土扩张，而且这些扩张可能是在一代夏威夷人里发生的。

句子摘抄：

Proto-historic Hawaiian temples on the island of Maui may have mushroomed up within just 30 years, not 250 as previously supposed, scientists say.

生词：

【历史相关】

Proto- historic  adj. 史前时期的(史前人类学的)

Precontact 原初形态

Sociopolitical adj. 社会政治的

Oral history 口述历史

A.D. 公元

Chiefdom 酋邦; 首领的地位; 首领身份;

Reef n. 暗礁；[地质] 矿脉

Divine adj. 神圣的

Divine offerings  神圣的祭品

Conquest  战利品; 领土政府

Polity n. 政体；国体；政治组织

Archaic state 古国

Genealogy 系谱学；族谱；家谱 -- also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members.

【其它】

Mushroom  v 迅速生长

The temples may have mushroomed up within just 30 years.  这些寺庙可能在短短30年内如雨后春笋般出现。

第一篇 【人文历史】 Poland’s forgotten heroism and suffering：Roger Moorhouse’s history sets the wartime record straight

时间：阅读20分钟；总结 30分钟；总 50分钟

大意：

说明各国对波兰在二战中表现的忽视和扭曲事实，本文意在称赞波兰人民在二战中的英勇抵抗。

段意：

1.  大家都认为二战的影响是翻天覆地的+ 举例各国二战情况

2.  RM认为波兰战争一点儿都不虚假。+ 描述如何惨烈

3.  但没有任何国家描述波兰人民是如何英勇奋战的。+举例论证：British Study

4.  RM的书就填补了这个Gap + 战前波兰的情况

5.虽然波兰战前经济羸弱，但也是偶尔可以打希特勒队伍一个措手不及。但西方盟友对波兰非常排斥且歪曲事实

6. 苏联也对波兰的态度很冷漠

7.虽然波兰惨败，但波兰士兵的英勇抵抗也不该被歪曲和忽视。

句子：

Mr Moorhouse’s book remedies that gap, weaving together archival material, first-hand accounts, perceptive analysis and heartbreaking descriptions of Poland’s betrayal, defeat and dismemberment.

这美丽的平行， A，B，C and D of a，b and c

生词：

Seismic 地震性的

Perfidious 背信弃义的，不忠的
Phoney 虚假的                          

Slaughter 屠杀

Savagery 野性的
Surrender 投降                        

Cavalry 武装部队
Distortion 扭曲