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［二十］Chimpanzee的behavior疑似原文，应该是从这里面摘选的
Humankind’s nearest relative is even closer than we thought: chimpanzees display remarkable behaviors that can only
be described as social customs passed on from generation to generation
Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons.
First, scientists typically don’t publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know—which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; with- out this information, we can’t determine whether a particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part of the animals’ culture. Finally, researchers’ descriptions of potentially significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient detail, making it difficult for scientists working at other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.
To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors.
Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown.
Our inquiry concentrated on seven sites with chimpanzees habituated to human onlookers; all told, the study compiled a total of more than 150 years of chimpanzee observation. The behavior patterns we were particularly interested in, of course, were those absent in at least one community, yet habitual or customary in at least one other; this was our criterion for denoting any behavior a cultural variant. (Certain behaviors are absent for specific local reasons, however, and we excluded them from consideration. For example, although chimpanzees at Bossou scoop tasty algae from pools of water with a stick, chimpanzees else- where don’t do this, simply because algae are not present.)
The extensive survey turned up no fewer than 39 chimpanzee patterns of behavior that should be labeled as cultural variations, including numerous forms of tool use, grooming techniques and courtship gambits, several of which are illustrated throughout this article. This cultural richness is far in excess of anything known for any other species of animal.
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发表于 2018-2-4 14:10:52
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明天考, 等更新~感谢!