ChaseDream

标题: gwd-12-11 偶碰到的一道难题 [打印本页]

作者: 麻集爱    时间: 2004-6-13 12:51
标题: gwd-12-11 偶碰到的一道难题


Q11:



In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.





Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?






  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.

  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.

  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.

  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.


  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

   Answer:


这道题很容易理解但是怎么就宣布出来呢. 直觉上是a 但想不通。然后选了个d 但觉得不对


请教大家了~


这套题没有答案所以我更不确定了。大家帮我看看那个是对的?



作者: kingsoft    时间: 2004-6-13 13:56

   我选B

   经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大

   因此需要的老师也更多


作者: cranberry    时间: 2004-6-13 15:10
以下是引用kingsoft在2004-6-13 13:56:00的发言:

   我选B


   经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大


   因此需要的老师也更多



agree
作者: 麻集爱    时间: 2004-6-13 15:24

不是很能理解啊~ 25%是个有效数字么?25%的评价没有给出吧 

我选d  理由: 

Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement (1)that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and(2) that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

要想达到目的2 使ratio不超出 必须增加教师或降低学生。 d提出工资高,可以吸引更多教师。所以d成立。

请评价


作者: cranberry    时间: 2004-6-13 16:45

文章说无论经济怎样萧条,教师的位置不会被消减,理由是学生免费,目前的学生和教师的比例不能被超过.C说明学生会多起来,为了维持比率,老师只会增加.D说了教师待遇稳定,但问题不是说有没有人愿意去,而是教师的职位为什么不会被消减.


作者: 雪落无声    时间: 2004-6-13 18:22
以下是引用kingsoft在2004-6-13 13:56:00的发言:

   我选B


   经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大


   因此需要的老师也更多


这里的“经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。”感觉有gap啊,文章没有说那种情况下学生更原意区公里学校。选B不是做题者自加的assumption么

偶选错A了,做的时候想:现在比例比上次recession时候高,那么再经历recession,为了维持现在的比例,就会……在想象每道理了。非常的没道理~~sigh

可是对B的理解还是有点模糊:(

D感觉irrrelative啊,一开始就排除了


作者: 麻集爱    时间: 2004-6-13 18:49
欢迎更多nn讨论此题, 感觉有infer 味道散溢~~~
作者: kingsoft    时间: 2004-6-13 21:41
以下是引用雪落无声在2004-6-13 18:22:00的发言:


这里的“经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。”感觉有gap啊,文章没有说那种情况下学生更原意区公里学校。选B不是做题者自加的assumption么


    我认为这是个文化背景的问题,公立学校基本是不收费的,类似于义务教育

    B选项着重指出了charge substantial fees,为的就是要和公立学校形成对比

    如果charge substantial fees,那么一旦经济萧条,是否还有25%的学生去私立学校呢???

   


作者: tianwan    时间: 2004-6-14 14:57
B
作者: dashasha    时间: 2004-6-15 04:18
I chose B too.
作者: robertchu    时间: 2004-6-15 08:30
B as well :-)


作者: tyxiao    时间: 2004-7-4 16:23
student-teacher ratio 是不是student/teacher啊? 如果是的话,现在老师的比例比上一次recession还少不正说明了最后一句话吗?我选A
作者: ztlbox    时间: 2004-7-8 05:12
以下是引用kingsoft在2004-6-13 13:56:00的发言:

   我选B


   经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大


   因此需要的老师也更多


我觉得B不是答案,上面的推理中又包含了一个假设:经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大,

不一定阿,同志们.说不定他们都出去打零工补贴家用呢,或者原来的比例很大,即使学生都回去了,也不用增加老师.

所以我认为这种一步推不出来,还需要进一步假释的不是答案


作者: elegist    时间: 2004-7-8 15:33
以下是引用ztlbox在2004-7-8 5:12:00的发言:



我觉得B不是答案,上面的推理中又包含了一个假设:经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大,


不一定阿,同志们.说不定他们都出去打零工补贴家用呢,或者原来的比例很大,即使学生都回去了,也不用增加老师.


所以我认为这种一步推不出来,还需要进一步假释的不是答案



说得好。


我觉得应该是选d ,直接说明现在老师紧缺


[此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-8 15:32:59编辑过]

作者: lost_my_account    时间: 2004-7-17 20:48

我选A。


错,还是选B。


[此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-17 20:52:15编辑过]

作者: GreenHorse    时间: 2004-7-18 01:36

B

觉得最头疼的就是去想那些不对的选项是怎么不对的或者有道理。


作者: lip00ff2002    时间: 2004-7-18 09:33

D


作者: youpiao    时间: 2004-7-18 22:46

我选A, 理由跟12楼的一样!


作者: lawyer_1    时间: 2004-7-19 00:26
I vote for B
作者: fair_sword    时间: 2004-7-20 07:41
以下是引用kingsoft在2004-6-13 13:56:00的发言:

   我选B


   经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大


   因此需要的老师也更多



这是楼上自己推出来的。


偶觉得B不对,我选C,请NN指点


作者: jam1818    时间: 2004-7-22 01:12

我也同意C,

C中in the period before the last economic recession, 指经济还没坏的时候. 那么现在(没有经济萧条的时候)的老师人数超过那时的20% (Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed), 也就意味着 ==> 教师人数没有因为recession而减少, 从而支持argument.

我们无法从B中推出学生会因为recession而去公立上学, 这是你自己想象的额外借口.


作者: 不是风    时间: 2004-7-23 13:00

I vote C。Because "Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession."==>After a economic recession, the number of teachers increased ====>Any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  

Please comment


作者: rt316    时间: 2004-7-29 02:05

我认为A正确。

第一句话说得很清楚,jobs的缺少是because businesses cut back operations,显然A说明student-teacher ratio很高,言下之意就是operations不会减少。


作者: blackhorse    时间: 2004-7-29 22:45

我选B。


A不仅没有支持,反而削弱。分析如下:现在经济在没有萧条的情况下student/teacher的比例比recession的时候高,说明如果将来经济萧条后,比例也可能会下降,下降意味着老师需求少了,所以削弱。


B虽然不是很严谨,有朋友说缺一个assumption。但“支持”它既不是充分也不是必要,所以有支持的意思就够了,选B。


同样,C是个削弱。理由和上面的A一样。这个evidence说明在经济萧条的时候老师比现在少,那么将来经济萧条了,老师可能也减少了。


D为无关。E明显的削弱。


[此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-29 22:47:17编辑过]

作者: RedEye    时间: 2004-8-7 21:22

I vote for C because

before recession, the teacher numer is less than the number after recession. which means that recession create job opportunities whereas reduce job opportunity. Therefore , C support the argument


作者: jamesliu79    时间: 2004-8-12 13:42
同意2楼的观点,B.
作者: perpetual    时间: 2004-8-12 15:31
AGREE  B.
作者: CiscoNetwork    时间: 2004-8-12 17:28
blackhorse分析得很正确。正确答案是B. 经济一差了,更多学生就需要加入公立学校了。这样,student/teacher比例就增大,而题目中说政府规定student/teacher比例不能超标,这样以来就必然要增加teacher数目以保持student/teacher比例不超标。所以B是增强。C明显是削弱,正好和作者意思相反。
作者: tony6    时间: 2004-8-14 10:51

absolutely B, 可归纳为数学公式,比例不变,分子大,则分母大


作者: philikittist    时间: 2004-8-15 17:35

B是错的。B不能直接起到加强的作用,要加强还要有个assumption: 经济不好的时候,上私立学校的学生会做如下动作:1离开学私立学校2并且不会在家休息,并且还要去公立学校。这全是选B所需要的,但是题干没有任何迹象表明这些假设的存在。说不定上这些贵族学校的孩子的家长都跟李嘉诚似的,你怎么知道经济萧条人家就上不起贵族学校了?

C是对的,C不是很强的帮助,但是陈述了一个和上文描述一致的情况,实证证明。


作者: philikittist    时间: 2004-8-15 21:28
up
作者: 我爱宝宝    时间: 2004-8-16 03:18

我选C,C是划线部份的一个举例加强。

Q11:

In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations. However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.

  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.

  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.

  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.

  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

认为C是划线部份的一个举例加强。


作者: Sunlightt    时间: 2004-8-16 06:49
Get it, thank you!
作者: ztlbox    时间: 2004-8-16 07:32

我认为 c 是不对的

C.  Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in

those schools in the period before the last economic recession

如果C是正确的,应变为 during the last economic recession, 讲before recession形不成对比,不能作为例子。

我觉得E 可以解释得通,上个萧条时期关闭了学校,说明教师和学生的数量减少,现在通过了法律既吸引了更多的学生又要保持老师学生的比率不变,所以-----〉增加老师


作者: mindfree    时间: 2004-8-17 00:25

I choose B.

I do not think A and C directly relates to the argument and conclusion here. If you say that we need to make additonal assumption for B to be right, A and C need more assumption. B will then beat A and C because the substantial fee closely relates to recession.

I do not see how A can be right. The high ratio in A can probably prove that the ratio will not be surpassed in case of recession. However, the argument is about whehter the availability of teaching position will be reduced. I do not see how the number of students will be affected by such high ratio in case of recession. Therefore I do not think availability of teacher will be affect. Please let me know if you think otherwise and pls explain.

The explanatin provided by those who picked C is incorrect. Past experience most of the time cannot be used to predict future event unless there is a direct corelation. In this case, the teaching positions are more than before is far from enough to say that the same pattern will repeat in the future. For example, can we say: It rains a lot last year. So it will rain a lot this year. No! Unless we are given a relationship: last year it rains a lot because of XX condition. This year the XX condition will repeat and therefore it will also rain a lot.

D is irrelevant. E is weakening.


作者: 我爱宝宝    时间: 2004-8-17 01:52

谢谢总教头指导.c确实是不对的。


作者: mindfree    时间: 2004-8-17 02:10

One thing I might not make clear is that this is a strengthen question. So a close correlation is not necessary. Only a correlation by common snese is necessary. But I still could not see the relationship by common sense in A and C.

Open to your comment.


作者: 我爱宝宝    时间: 2004-8-17 02:34
我同意总教头的解释,我选b现在。a需要原题中的assumption,c不是准确例子,b是common sense
作者: wcai    时间: 2004-8-25 03:41
mindfree is mindfree!
作者: miaoyin_tx    时间: 2004-9-3 09:53
总教头讲的好清楚啊,我本来是选C,这下明白了,多谢。
作者: cloud0819    时间: 2004-9-3 22:03

mindfree, you are my model to pursue a wonderful career, but i still disagree with what you have said.

first of all, B is irrelevant to the question, because the argument does not concern periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, all of the argument talks about the periods of recession, so does C and D, (before the last economic recession, privately funded schools ).

A is the best choice, because "current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded" , the last sentence in the argument .if A, that is,

  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession, then A strengthen the argument.

it is my private idea, please talk about it further more...

thank you, mindfree


作者: ztlbox    时间: 2004-9-4 12:49

a 是无关项,用当前的比率与过去的比,说明不了任何当前比率在未来变化的趋势,无论它是高是低。


就像说:我们现在的生活水平是这个样子的,现在由于有了什么什么原因,我们的生活水平在将来一定会提高。让你加强。


你说我们现在的生活比过去好,或比过去差,都不起作用


这里我始终认为最有可能的答案是B OR E,但大家对E好像都不屑一顾,郁闷!


E说的是上回经济衰退,政府关闭了好些学校。但是,注意现在条件变了,通过了一个什么法律旨在刺激学生入学,又要保证学生与教师比例不变,那现有的师资是不是很可能因为以前关闭了学校而变得不够啊。


我认为这起到了正向加强的作用。


B 其实也挺好,但就是还需进一步假设,在经济衰退中,这25%中回到公立学校的人数足以改变现有教师学生比例,但这是不一定的。


也可能我的想法在钻死胡同,希望NN指正。


[此贴子已经被作者于2004-9-4 12:57:16编辑过]

作者: 呆板彻底    时间: 2004-10-7 15:19
感觉此题逻辑不清晰。
作者: jiwei    时间: 2004-11-19 21:47

顶上来应该是a对

现在的学生:老师比最近的萧条时期大,也就说明现在老师是缺乏的,所以不用担心找不到工作

明显ets是不允许自己加假设的


作者: cindy2004    时间: 2004-11-20 15:03

其实,a和c的实质是一样的,都是再说现在(一种结论要求的现象),而没有提供其他可对未来产生影响的信息。

所以 是b


作者: g077126    时间: 2004-11-20 19:38
B呀B
作者: david_348    时间: 2004-11-25 04:10
e
作者: guolulu526    时间: 2004-11-27 15:51

I choose B, though it requires some common sense to make an assumption

I think neither A or C is relevent to the original argument. Since the conclusion is about the future trends, (the availability of jobs...will), and both A and C just provide a comparison between now and past, which cannot be used to strengthen or weaken any future trend.

To some degree,  A and C commit the same logic fallacy, and therefore should be excluded.


作者: almarabbit01    时间: 2004-12-2 06:05
B
作者: roland1972    时间: 2004-12-4 12:07
我在a,b中犹豫,相对而言,倾向于b!
作者: Pudding    时间: 2004-12-14 16:03

S/T 比例的變化有四種可能:

         (1) S increase, T increase

         (2) S decrease, T decrease (違背論點, 排除)

         (3) S increase, T decrease (違背論點, 排除)

         (4) S decrease, T increase

A. 我本來的想法是, 如果現在的S/T比以前任何經濟蕭條的時候都高, 那麼說明recession的時候S/T是低的, 也就是說recession時的
           老師人數比較多. but this is not correct, 因為題目說明新的條例剛開始實施, 以後S/T比例不能變高, 那麼其實S/T比例就被維持在
           現在這個比以前recession時候的比例還高的位置了 à 只是點出現象, 沒有support

B. 我一直沒辦法接受的答案, 可是我覺得我想通了: recession的情況下S會從私立轉向公立, 而在S增加的情況下, T必須增加以維持
           比例, 就算私立的S直接輟學沒有轉向公立, 至少S/T比例沒變 (而因為公立免費, 原本公立的S不會減少.) à 公式(1)
C.
現在公立的T比以前recession前公立的T, 可是我們不知道接下來會如何. 因為公立免費, 所以公立的S不會減少 (公式
4),
            
而假如公立的S增加, T勢必會再增加以維持比例 à 這就回到B(公式1)去了

這題我想了快一個小時, 在A,B,C裡來回打轉, 最後覺得還是B對, 請大家指教...


作者: skyalan    时间: 2005-1-15 15:12

相通了

应该是B。C选项这种类型一般都错,有false analogy的嫌疑


作者: wj007    时间: 2005-2-14 12:40
以下是引用mindfree在2004-8-17 0:25:00的发言:

I choose B.


I do not think A and C directly relates to the argument and conclusion here. If you say that we need to make additonal assumption for B to be right, A and C need more assumption. B will then beat A and C because the substantial fee closely relates to recession.


I do not see how A can be right. The high ratio in A can probably prove that the ratio will not be surpassed in case of recession. However, the argument is about whehter the availability of teaching position will be reduced. I do not see how the number of students will be affected by such high ratio in case of recession. Therefore I do not think availability of teacher will be affect. Please let me know if you think otherwise and pls explain.


The explanatin provided by those who picked C is incorrect. Past experience most of the time cannot be used to predict future event unless there is a direct corelation. In this case, the teaching positions are more than before is far from enough to say that the same pattern will repeat in the future. For example, can we say: It rains a lot last year. So it will rain a lot this year. No! Unless we are given a relationship: last year it rains a lot because of XX condition. This year the XX condition will repeat and therefore it will also rain a lot.


D is irrelevant. E is weakening.


YOU MISSED SOMETHING HERE!


The regulation mentioned two things: 1. school is free to anyone in any economic situation; 2. the current STUDENT-TEACHER ratio not be exceeded.


Answer is C. C supports the second regulation: keep the current ratio. How? Here is why: when the regulation is enacted, supporter will prefer a BIGGER ratio (less teacher) or SMALL (more teachers) ratio? The answer is small ratio, definitely. What C tells us is the ratio is SMALL comparing with history. Therefore, in the future, as long as the ratio is kept, potentially more teacher will be keeping their jobs.


作者: tqbiao    时间: 2005-3-22 20:23
b
作者: yuliyang    时间: 2005-4-17 17:14
有美国文化在内,很不好说。ets不厚道。
作者: tuzq    时间: 2005-4-17 19:16

只有选B咯,虽然这个答案真的很烂。


作者: shouyang12    时间: 2005-4-20 13:23

"However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools".


题目给的是一种普通现象,任何经济衰退的时候,都会在佛吉尼亚州发生。


A  B C E 所讲的原因是有具体时间限制的,所以首先可以排除。


也就是说原因所解释的时间范围比问题所问的时间范围要小。


我感觉是D


[此贴子已经被作者于2005-4-20 21:20:40编辑过]

作者: jfan    时间: 2005-5-7 23:58
I hestantly chose A。My choice base on the sentence in this argument: "Vargonia has just introduced a legal
requirement that ..., and that current student-teacher ratios not be
exceeded." Choice A indicates that current student-teacher ratio is higher than that during the most recent period of eonomic recession. The
choice satisfy the condition of "exceed",therefore we can expect that
the availbality of teaching jobs at government-funded schools will not
decline or even rise.

However, as mentioned above,I was hesitant because "current
student-teacher ratio not be exceeded" could imply that the ratio will
be valid after the impliment of the legal requirement,and past ratio could be irrelevent with the present one。



Choice B seems to be reasonable. There are 25% of children attend
private schools,which charge substantial fees,and recession will make
some of those students shift to public ones, thus stimulate the need
for teaching jobs。

However, I found two flaws in choice B:

First, there is no clue about the meaning of 25%. Is the porportion related to the argument? OG makes me feel that ETS does not prefer to choices which mention numbers.

In addition,
will recession makes students of private schools shift to public
one?The above argument does not porvide this assumption. Choice B seems
to contradict ETS's preference, because we can suspect that
recession will not affect everyone. Those 25% of families may still be
able to afford the tuition. We can even suspect that private schools
are of better quality, those familities may not transfer their children
to public schools. After all substantial fees do not imply prohibitive
costs.



I personally prefer to choice A, which is not perfect. Choice B is
cogent in some aspects, but it is based on an assumption, which is not
mentioned in the argument.



Please kindly provide your ideas.


[此贴子已经被作者于2005-5-8 0:27:48编辑过]

作者: mmx1122    时间: 2005-5-13 08:09
think B is better. Since the argument is whether the Absolute number ofthe teacher employed is higher, student/techer ratio mentioned in A isirrelevant.

作者: daxia345    时间: 2005-6-20 15:16

我选A


题目说教师不失业的条件有2:“ because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that (1)education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and (2)that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.


所以要加强就是根据这两个条件进行加强。(2)是说学生/老师比率不能被超过,我理解为不能再增加


A说现在的学生/老师比率已经比recession时高了,暗示即便遭遇recession,此比率也不会再高了,strength


B说学生会增多,此比率增加,反了


C说现在的老师多,意味着将来要减少,比率增加,反了


D irrelavent


E说教师要减少,此比率增加,反了



还是对原文的理解问题


作者: forjoke    时间: 2005-6-24 12:03
原来还有这么多争论呢。应该是A

A:楼上daxia345说:A说现在的学生/老师比率已经比recession时高了,暗示即便遭遇recession,此比率也不会再高了,strength——同意



最重要的,是原文说的原因是学生/老师比率将保持不变。应该顺着这个逻辑来加强,其他答案都偏离了。



B给出一个比例,但原文的信息并未能说明这个比例是高了还是低了


作者: nevia    时间: 2005-7-21 14:12

选B需要的前提:经济衰退时,私立学校的学生会转到公立学校
这道题的确涉及到美国文化与社会的一些特殊方面。如果上面这个假设必然发生,就是选B。但光看题的话,实在看不出这点来。


我是这样理解的:


背景信息:经济衰退,企业缩减operations。由于学校是businesss的一种,所以也受到影响。经济一衰退,就会减少教师数量。
论  据:Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.
     即:法律规定 1.公立学校在任何时候向学生免费开放
            2.学生老师比例不超过现在的值(学生增加,老师必增加)
结  论:any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools。
     由以上两条保证了衰退期不会减少公立学校的老师
A说目前的学生老师比要高于最近一次衰退时的数值,也就是说,现在雇的老师并不多,比上次衰退时还少。这样就加强结论:衰退期再也不会减少公立学校的老师


[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-21 14:25:31编辑过]

作者: icare1    时间: 2005-7-22 23:50

I chose A!


作者: 华籍美人    时间: 2005-7-24 10:53

我也选A,B 一个假设了recession时,学生都会转向公立学校;如果A学生的数量不能就此说明老师的岗位就增加了。B中学生从私立转到公立也不能说明老师的数量就会增加了。


作者: wayne8888    时间: 2005-8-5 11:52

Q11:


In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.



Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?




  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.

  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.

  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.

  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.

  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

这题我觉得应该选C,C表明现在被government-funded schools雇佣的老师比last economic recession前的多几乎20%,这不是恰恰说明了经过economic receesion会增加老师数量了嘛,也就是说不管学生数量是否增加,老师数量肯定增加。


A中,说current student-teacher ratio 高于最近的economic recession的 student-teacher ratio。那我们假设现在的学生是1000人,老师是200人,current student-teacher ratio是5:1,而要高于上个economic recession的 student-teacher ratio,不一定是增加老师数量,也可以是减少学生数量。比如,上个economic recession的 student-teacher ratio是4:1,可能是学生800人,老师200人,也可以是学生1000人,老师250人。所以A不能完全支持文章。


B中说当最近经济增长时,有25%的孩子去了私立学校,但是问题是这25%的学生是从哪里来的, 是原先公立学校的学生呢,还是除了在公立学校的学生以外的新学生。同样用上面的例子,如果是前者,那么有250个原先公立学校的学生去了私立学校,公立学校的student-teacher ratio下降了,但是老师数量没有变;如果是后者,对公立学校的student-teacher ratio没有影响啊,老师和学生数量是否增加不能确定。



作者: marylou    时间: 2005-9-6 23:52






经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。在学生--教师ratio不变的基础上,需要的老师也更多---


学生数*  ratio=老师数

学生人数增多,自然要的老师多.
作者: vacationer    时间: 2005-9-8 09:44
为什么GWD的答案有这么多争议? 按照ETS的严谨程度不应该啊,又不是做SC
作者: sammaijgd    时间: 2005-9-11 17:08

我做的时候选C,后来细想下,在三个最后争议选项中A B C还是选择B


原文结论是"However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools."


选项A只说明现在S-T的比例比萧条时候高,没有任何继续说明的意思


选项C 比较老师数量是现在与萧条前两个时间上的比较,与萧条根本没有关系,谁也不知道萧条的时候怎么样,所以无关


选项B 说的是一个学生的动态变化,在经济好的时候,当然需要一个假使萧条的时候学生有可能回到公立学校,存在这个可能,就导致在萧条的时候老师与学生的比例发生,这足够假设了,不必完全考虑其充分性,在与A C相比完全有strengthens的味道.


PS,我认为破题一道,没有逻辑题应有思辩味道,纯属在弄文字游戏


作者: maxine_c    时间: 2005-9-15 19:55

答案是B,为什么呢?


经济好的时候,有25%的孩子进入私立学校,要收很高的学费


题干的结论说


经济萧条的时候,公立学校老师的数量不会减少


也就是说“经济萧条的时候公立学校的学生数量不会减少”(因为生师比不会加大)


5个选项中


ACE都说明经济萧条的时候公立学生比现在的学生要少;D根本是个无关选项,既无法说明老师的数量也无法说明学生的数量


只有B说明,经济萧条的时候公立学校的学生是有可能增加的,增加的最大空间是25


这里有一个假设就是经济萧条的时候,大部分在收费学校的学生一定会转到免费的学校


作者: fuu_windam    时间: 2005-9-17 15:32

我觉得是D。A、B、C都不严谨。D说明了公立学校的老师和私立学校的老师待遇上是一样的,排除了因为待遇不够高使老师自动选择离开公立学校的因素。起到了支持作用啊,表示没有其他原因啊。说不定经济萧条的时候,老师们觉得私立学校待遇好都不愿意去公立学校呢,那公立学校提供再多的position也没用,没人愿意去。


作者: fatlara    时间: 2005-9-23 22:05

支持B


看了大家的讨论,选A的理由是因为A说current ratio higher than past ones. 那么,要使current ratio 下降到past ratio常见的水平自然要多招老师.


     但是,一件事情过去发生不代表未来一定会再次发生. 要让上述的推理成立,只能附加假设,现在的ratio一定要和以前的一样低.而这样的假设是不合理的.


      退一步说,即使ratio是真的下降了.


      ratio= students number / teachers number


      怎么能保证是老师的数量上升引起的下降,而不是由于学生的数量引起的下降呢? 所以,如果A正确, 则要附加两点假设才可以.


     相比较而言, B优于A


作者: pebbles    时间: 2005-9-26 11:51

Q11:


In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.



Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?




  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.


  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.


  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.


  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.


  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

选B.


我的思路:


原文作者说因为公立学校将永存,而且学生和老师的比例不能再多了,所以将来还是有增加老师的机会的.


这里有一个假设,就是学生的人数还会增加的.如果学生人数不变,比例也不变,就不用增加老师了.



B中至少说明还有新的生源(在私人学校读书的),所以支持.



A说现在学生老师比例比以前高.试想学生和老师的比例不能提高,导致学生增加必然增加老师的逻辑关系.这里应该是现在学生老师比例低才会有支持.因为低的话,保持这个低的比率,就容易增加老师的职位.



C说现在已经有比以前多20%的老师了.应该如果现在比以前老师少,才增加需要老师的概率.类似A的错误.



D.E似乎无关.


作者: foreinter    时间: 2005-10-1 22:01

支持A,文章的第一句话说,经济萧条时business会减少operations 从而工作难找,但是在公立学校里经济萧条时依然会找到工作机会,原因是一 法律规定公立学校教育必须提供,就是说不能象Business那样缩小公立学校教育,二是因为现在的学生教师比率未超过。注意本文强调的是经济好坏与主办单位的关系,而不是经济好坏育个人收入的关系。


选项B说经济好的时候25%的学生参加收费高的私立学校,但是经济坏不一定对这些参加私立学校的孩子的家庭收入产生影响,即这些家庭不是学校和business这样的主办单位,不一定会缩减开支。


我选A,A和第二个原因是一致的。


请大家通读三遍文章,然后想一想。欢迎排专


[此贴子已经被作者于2005-10-1 22:05:51编辑过]

作者: 无尾小恶魔    时间: 2005-10-6 13:22

赞成选A!做了那么多题,我觉得,所谓的支持或者削弱,并不是绝对成立的,但只要有可能成立就可以;我说的有可能,并不是说要加入某些假设,所有的题目以外的假设都是我们自己的,不是出题者的,所以排除B选项


作者: shocking    时间: 2005-10-11 11:18

觉得还是B更好一些,这道题可以通过一个式子看一下。从题目给出的条件可以看出,老师数目、学生数目、学生-老师比例三者之间的关系是:


Teacher = student * ratio;


题目给出的5个选向当中只有B可能导致学生的数目增加,因此老师的数目也可能会增加(在ratio不变的情况下)。当然A也可能导致ratio被调高,从而导致老师的数目增加,但是既然ratio在合理的范围之内,就没有充分理由认为它会被调高。因此B是加强,感觉更好一些。


作者: z520m    时间: 2005-10-26 17:08
我是选A的,看了这么多讨论,还是没有出结果。可是我觉得,题干并没有给出在recession的情况下的工资水平。但是题干特意强调了这个ratio问题,A又强调了现在和recession时期ratio的差别,所以选了A. B出现了具体的数字25%,一般题干没有%出现%是错的,如果B说most那么就对了。
作者: yangxiaogang    时间: 2005-10-26 23:24

support A


作者: 芷菁    时间: 2005-11-4 10:45

support A


作者: 棱角优雅的冰    时间: 2005-11-6 02:13
我觉得B比较好,题目不是说法律规定不能超过现在的student/teacher么,就是保持这个比率就可以,如果学生数量不增加的话,学校也可以不继续招聘老师啊。A中只是说和以往相比比率最高,法律又没有规定说应该降回去。B的话,经济不景气,本来要进入私立学校的学生很可能会进入公立学校,学生数量增加,老师数量当然根据法律规定的比例也要相应的增加。我是这么理解的。
作者: advantage    时间: 2005-11-6 10:40

难道师生比例就只是计算公立学校的?


我一直以为,是所有老师:所有的学生


This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.除非是这个that限定了必须是state...?


作者: sunnybest    时间: 2005-11-7 12:15

我选A,理由如下:


对于因果关系的加强题而言,加强方式有三种:


1.       填补原因与结果之间的GAP;


2.       对原因进行解释说明,如能推出结论即为加强,反之则为削弱;


3.       排除他因的加强(类似于假设);


4.       直接重申就是该原因导致该结果


对于本题,我也是采用我做加强题时建立的逻辑思路来处理的.


本文结论:教师职位不会减少;


       原因1)政府提供免费义务教育,不论财政经济状况好坏;


               (2)目前的学生-老师比率没有被超过(即在目前财政状况良好的情况下,教师的数量可能还是缺乏的,至少没有闲置的师资)


由以上原因推结论,可以发现,原因与结论中间存在一个GAP:即虽然目前(经济好时)教师少,那么在经济萧条的时候,师资情况又如何呢?是多还是少?这个条件对于结论有至关重要的作用!


因此要对这个GAP进行解释:


(1)    如果经济萧条的时候学生-教师比率<经济发展时候的学生-教师比率,则加强结论,即不论经济是萧条还是发展,这个地方的教师从业人数还是偏低的,因此从长远来说,教师的需求还是存在的,因此教师职位不会减少.很显然加强了结论


(2)    然而如果经济萧条的时候学生-教师比率>经济发展时候的学生-教师比率,则会削弱结论,因为一旦再次经济萧条,教师的需求有可能也会象企业里的职位需求一样被缩减.


我在做这一题的时候完全没有考虑B,把这个选项当成无关选项排除了.后来看了大家的讨论觉得B有一些道理,但是却要加上一个假设:即那些在经济发展时期在私立学校读书的学生有可能会在经济萧条时期转入公立学校. 很显然这违背了一贯的”脑袋空白原则”.


ETS出题的风格是固定的,应该不会在这个题目上别出心裁吧.不过明年 换东家可就难说了,呵呵…


以上拙见,请NN们指正.


作者: MochaWei    时间: 2005-11-7 13:01

一定是选择B的,原因有三。


一。 A 说了, the current student-teacher ratio at.......is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.是说现在的学生/老师比例 比上个萧条的时期还要高。这个很容易造成错误选择。如果下一个萧条时期的经济情况和上一次完全一样,师生比例也一样。很容易得出下个萧条时期,学生即使不变,但是学生/老师比例要升高。所以老师职位增加,支持结论。这个也是大多数选择A的思维。但是大家发现一个很大的问题没有。再做这个推理的情况下,我们完全没有用到主干结论推出的前提,就是新的法规制定了。如果用A的思维的话,我可以说老师的职位一定是有保证的。因为经济不好,比例就下降(根据A的思维,虽然不符合经济学原理),老师需求就增加。


二。 在推出结论的时候,作者已经说了。 that current studen- teacher ratios not be exceeded.就是说当前的student/teacher 已经是最高了,以后不管经济怎么样,这个比例都不能再高,只能变低。 A是什么意思?经济萧条时期student/teacher比例更低,低又怎么样?作者推出结论的时候已经说了,比例以后只能降低。这个是作者考虑到了一个问题。你又说了一个同样的问题,怎么能算加强。


三。 作者推出conclusion的时候主要考虑了两点。 一)保证所有孩子有免费学上。二)决不超过现有师生比例。排除了比例增高这个因素,所以如果学生不变,比例降低。老师需求增加。 或者比例不变,学生增加,老师需求也增加。作者由此得出结论。


接下来要想加强这个argument,很自然的就想到了,只有两个途径,一个是降低比例,另外一个是增加学生数量。根据经济学原理,正常情况下,经济萧条比例师生比例会高,经济strong的时候,比例会低。(但是A那种情况又怎么回事呢?很大一个可能是当时经济条件不好,注意到那个时候还没有通过这个免费义务教育法,并不保证一定所有孩子有学上。那很有可能当时经济不好,学校就收费了,很多孩子就不上学了,那学生少了,学生老师比例自然就高了。这个是A的情况。)所以最好的支持,就是说经济萧条了,学生就多了,比例又不能高,那老师一定要相应增加。那学生怎么多呢?经济好的时候好多我有钱,我读高级私利学校,经济不好,这些学校一定受影响,学生自然会去免费学校了。



作者: seraphblue    时间: 2005-11-12 05:31

ok,agree B now



作者: puccamummy    时间: 2005-11-12 17:54
以下是引用daxia345在2005-6-20 15:16:00的发言:

我选A


题目说教师不失业的条件有2:“ because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that (1)education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and (2)that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.


所以要加强就是根据这两个条件进行加强。(2)是说学生/老师比率不能被超过,我理解为不能再增加


A说现在的学生/老师比率已经比recession时高了,暗示即便遭遇recession,此比率也不会再高了,strength


B说学生会增多,此比率增加,反了


C说现在的老师多,意味着将来要减少,比率增加,反了


D irrelavent


E说教师要减少,此比率增加,反了


还是对原文的理解问题

非常赞同!  说了一切我想说的。
作者: hestia    时间: 2005-12-16 18:57

怎么又冒出个A?


我觉得楼上说的第二个条件:(2)that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.


否定了recession时公立学生增多而老师不增加的可能,这样B就更成立了:recession时,去公立学校的学生增多了,而 student/teacher比率不能增加,所以需要更多的老师,这不是挺对的么?


怎么会反呢?



作者: bluevironika    时间: 2005-12-16 20:52

选b。


结论; 公立学校的教师就业率不会受到经济衰退的影响。


原因:政府扶持政策(free)使得学生,老师的比例不超过目前的比例。


b中,经济最好的时候有25%的在私利学校,那么经济不好时,这个比例会下降,就是说学生,教师的比例会上升,而为了维持,就的增加老师,所以,结论就被strong了。


作者: jackzhu69    时间: 2005-12-19 04:36

支持A,理由同sunnybest;


反对B,从文章中无法得出经济景气时的那25%的孩子会加入公立学校中,从而需要更多的教师;另外,即使有部分25%的孩子去了公立学校,是否多到足够对原(学生/教室)比例有积极的影响,无法得知。如果少的话是无法加强滴。


作者: zhoujian    时间: 2005-12-20 16:45

我觉得B更好一点


有人说B不好是因为B假设经济不好的时候,私人学校的学生会去公办学校


其实,即使不做这个假设也没关系


因为私立学校的学生即使不去公办的,至少公办学校的师生比率还是保持不变,那公办学校的老师的工作还是好找的。


作者: seasnow    时间: 2006-1-27 08:17

好像没有人选E,我看了几遍之后却觉得E比较有道理。


由于最近一次萧条关掉了几个学校,也就是说教师人数现在处于低谷。所以如果学生数量增多,由于学生和教师的比例不会增加(题意),教师数量也会增多,因此就业容易。


大家看看对不对。


作者: seventree    时间: 2006-1-29 17:23

In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.通常,在经济萧条期间不好找工作。然而,在Vargonia州,将来的任何经济萧条都不太可能减少在公立学校任教的工作机会,这是因为Vargonia州立法说,无论本州经济状况如何,本州的孩子们都可以免费在公立学校读书,学校需保证学生--老师的比例一直保持不变(不被超过)。





Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?问哪句话最能支持此论点,也就是说"在Vargonia州,将来的任何经济萧条都不太可能减少在公立学校任教的工作机会"


那么,





A.The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession. 说此州现在的学生--老师的比例比最近一次经济萧条期间要少。


B.During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees. 在最近一次经济状况良好的期间,有25%学生在私立学校


C.Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.现在公立学校的老师比例是最近一次经济萧条期间多20%


D. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers. 公立学校的老师收入较私立的高。


E.During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.最近一次经济萧条期间此州的政府关闭了一些公立学校。


我觉的是E,因为原文说“最近立法” 。学校少了,但是学生不少,要保证比例不变的情况下,就需要增加教师的职位。对么?


作者: seventree    时间: 2006-1-29 17:28

E


E说最近一次经济萧条期间政府曾关闭了一些公立学校,原文说该州最近立法 保证孩子在公立学校读书的机会,并且保证学生-教师的比例。那么,学校少--学生不变--增加教师职位。


对么?


作者: fryday_y    时间: 2006-2-8 22:54

B is better


作者: cici1979923    时间: 2006-4-9 00:31
支持b,这个题目真是太恶心了!太容易选错了
作者: shouyang12    时间: 2006-5-27 23:38

C

BD涉及私立学校,理所当然会认为私立学校和公立学校抢生源,这就是个GAP,如果法律规定只有外国籍人才能去本国私立学校读书呢?"私立学校和公立学校抢生源",尽管是很合理的推断,但也只是推断,不是题目的条件

A正好和题目反了,题目最后说了student to teacher ratio not exceed

所以C最好


作者: jiaxuan    时间: 2006-6-4 01:16
以下是引用麻集爱在2004-6-13 12:51:00的发言:

Q11:

In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.
  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.
  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.
  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.

  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

背景:经济萧条裁人

结论:government-funded schools在未来经济萧条时候不会裁人

理由:最近立了一法,保证了学生-老师比例不超过(保持现在的比例不超过)

意思就是说,即使将来经济萧条了,学生-老师比例也要< or =现在这个水平(就是不能开除老师)。那现在这个比例和过去比较怎么样有任何关系吗?比过去多又如何?比过去少又如何?无所谓啊,反正我是保持现在这个比例就行了。所以AC无关。

既然比例不变,那么唯一能影响老师人数的就是学生人数啊(比例不超过嘛),那学生怎么变化才能导致老师不变或者增加(结论是不会裁人,那意思就是至少保持,也可以增加,都是加强结论)啊?学生多了要加老师,支持结论。

B也不太好,不够直接,那意思说经济好的时候学生都去私立学校了,这里需要一步推理,就是经济不好的时候学生回免费的公立学校,这个既违反了不能自己推的原则,也带有了背景知识。

但是,说回来,如果说是最能支持的,那就B还占点边,AC根本不靠谱啊。B如果能够直接提供一个经济萧条时候学生人数会增加的信息就好了。



作者: monabluestone    时间: 2006-6-6 21:48

原文的推理过程:

1)      education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge
                

2)      current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded                                    

ð      argument: the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools
            
will probably not be  reduced
            
in any future recessions

B: During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong

1) almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools(言下之意是有25%的学生要增加的机会,为了meet a legal requirement that student-teacher ratios not be exceeded, 老师人数将有机会增加, 则加强)

    2) many of which charge substantial fees(现在去收钱的,说明爱学习,经济不好, 就有可能去不收钱的, 则有可能增加老师就业率,原因同上)


作者: hawkinsxie    时间: 2006-6-18 18:08

从这道题里可以看出GMAT逻辑的什么呢?

当从头看到尾,觉得都是无关项,怎么去舍呢?

很自然的,要证明一个恒定ratio的分母不会变小,就要证明其分子可能会变大。

学生会多很容易理解。

可是用学生经济好时不多,来得出经济不好时,学生一定会多?

我认为,之所以难以取舍,是因为一个Common sense,老美很自然就会想到自己在经济不好时会去上公立学校。我们就得绕点弯子。

难题!原来是这样的。


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-18 18:08:35编辑过]

作者: hawkinsxie    时间: 2006-6-18 18:11

突然彻悟:

原来这里有个“流动”的概念。

之所以排除法,认为无关项,是把基于数字的不同时间的现象认为无关。忽视了不同时间的数字可能流动。

巧妙!

恶心!


作者: 漠篱    时间: 2006-6-21 02:25

因为学一定要去上的,没有办法,只能同一common sense,私立的贵,经济不好啦,只好上私立。。

所以什么立法什么都是不是最根本的,还是经济基础决定一切,

支持B了。


作者: mejor    时间: 2006-7-4 18:07

支持B

经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大.因此需要的老师也更多.相当于转了两下弯,1:选项说经济好的时候去私立(选项暗示过学费贵),反过来,经济不好就去公立学校(免费阿),经过第一次反后,到原文的前提下面来了,2:经济不好学生多,法律规定,一个老师带学生的数量不能增加,需要更多的老师,所以每减少老师的工作岗位。

我觉得B不是差假设,我认为ETS可能认为学生必须读书,这是受法律保护的,不需要拿出来假设。

我总结的ETS的逻辑陷阱,

1:部分不能对整体有影响(比如选项中有some many,20%等),除非原文说的有。

2:过去的情况不能对未来预测有影响,其它地方的经验不能用于某个特定讨论地方。

希望大家讨论。






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