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标题: 揽瓜阁做题小分队第10天 ECT [打印本页]

作者: 小白斩鸡 时间: 2021-4-9 16:22
标题: 揽瓜阁做题小分队第10天 ECT

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a controversial psychiatric treatment involving the induction of a seizure in a patient by passing electricity through the brain. While beneficial effects of electrically Induced seizures are evident and predictable in most patients, a unified mechanism of action has not yet been established and remains the subject of numerous investigations. ECT is extremely effective against severe depression, some acute psychotic states, and mania, though, like many medical procedures, It has its risks.

Since the inception of ECT in 1938, the public has held a strongly negative conception of the procedure. Initially, doctors employed unmodified ECT. Patients were rendered Instantly unconscious by the electrical current, but the strength of the muscle contractions from uncontrolled motor seizures often led to compression fractures of the spine or damage to the teeth. In addition to the effect this physical trauma had on public sentiment graphic examples of abuse documented In books and movies, such as Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, portrayed ECT as punitive, cruel, overused, and violative of patients' legal rights.

Modem ECT is virtually unrecognizable from Its earlier days. The treatment Is modified by the muscle relaxant succinylcholine, which renders muscle contractions practically nonexistent. Additionally, patients are given a general anesthetic. Thus, the patient is asleep and fully unaware during the procedure, and the only outward sign of a seizure may be the rhythmic movement of the patient's hand or foot. ECT is generally used In severely depressed patients for whom psychotherapy and medication prove ineffective. It may also be considered when there Is an imminent risk of suicide, since antidepressants often take several weeks to work effectively. Exactly how ECT exerts its effects is not known, but repeated applications affect several neurotransmitters In the brain, Including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

ECT has proven effective, but it Is not without controversy. Though decades old studies showing brain cell death have been refuted in recent research, many patients do report loss of memory for events that occurred in the days, weeks, or months surrounding the ECT. Some patients have also reported that their short-term memories continue to be affected for months after ECT, though some doctors argue that this memory malfunction may reflect the type of amnesia that sometimes results from severe depression.

1. According to the passage, why has ECT been viewed negatively by the public?
(A) Though ECT is effective in many cases, the medical community is not certain exactly how it works.
(B) Cultural depictions of ECT implied that the therapy infringed upon the lawful rights of those receiving the treatment.
(C) Effective use of ECT requires exposure to concerning medications, such as muscle relaxants and anesthesia.
(D) ECT does not benefit individuals with anxiety disorders.
(E) ECT cannot be performed without subsequent loss of memory in the patient.

2. Which of the following can be inferred about the way in which the modern form of ECT works?
(A) Greater amounts of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine seem to reduce symptoms of depression.
(B) ECT cannot be used prior to attempting psychotherapy or medication.
(C) Succinylcholine completely immobilizes the patient's body.
(D) ECT generally works faster than antidepressants.
(E) One ECT treatment is often sufficient to reduce symptoms of depression significantly.

3. The author mentions amnesia as a possible side effect of severe depression in order to
(A) acknowledge one of the possible negative side effects associated with ECT
(B) emphasize the seriousness of severe depression as a debilitating disease
(C) introduce a possible alternative cause for short-term memory loss reported by some patients
(D) draw a connection between brain cell death and short-term memory loss
(E) refute claims that ECT is responsible for any form of amnesia in patients

4. Each of the following is cited in the passage as a current or historical criticism of electroconvulsive therapy EXCEPT
(A) ECT may cause the death of brain cells and memory loss
(B) in certain cases, ECT was portrayed as a means to punish individuals
(C) ECT had the potential to be used in inappropriate situations
(D) early forms of ECT did not adequately protect patients from secondary harm brought on by the treatment
(E) repeated applications of ECT affect several neurotransmitters in the brain

参考答案，做完才看：）

作者: Playgirl130 时间: 2021-4-9 22:27
选择BDCC

P1：ECT是一种电击式治疗方式
P2：从它1938年被采用以来，在公众心理就是一种负面形象。首先是因为刚推出来电击疗法时，还会有一些副作用。另外在一些书中以及电影中，ECT常被描绘成一种惩戒性的，侵犯某些法律权利的疗法。
P3：ECT经过了一些改良。疼痛感好一些，并且ECT一般都是针对的比较严重的患者，有些人可能都有自杀倾向。
P4：ECT被证实是有效的。但争议还是难免的。有报告指出，可能会导致记忆缺失。在这些报告记忆缺失的患者里，有一些可能是和一种A开头的心理疾病有关。此外可能还会对脑细胞造成影响。

作者: Sibaiyuan 时间: 2021-4-10 02:36
BDCE ～7‘30’‘

作者: 速水愛媛 时间: 2021-4-10 10:07
C B C A

作者: CCCGO 时间: 2021-4-10 10:59
BBCC

作者: Claire薇荇 时间: 2021-4-10 12:06
what is ect - it's negative conception in history - modern ect - ect is effective but with controversy
ABCC

作者: 大大大kk 时间: 2021-4-10 14:28
描述观点
p1：ect技术不成熟，存在risk
p2: 早期问题>>过程比较痛苦
p3: 改进后有所改善，但仍不知道how
p4: 总结>>有后遗症，如失忆
BECC

作者: LindsayPark 时间: 2021-4-10 15:28
BDCC
P1:介绍ECT作用，但是有风险
P2:介绍早起ECT为什么风评不好
P3:现在的ECT赶紧了很多，也有效了
P4:但是现在的ECT也有风险，不过有些医生反对

作者: N0ire 时间: 2021-4-10 15:59
7min
主旨：电疗法的前世今生
P1: 电疗法对治疗抑郁非常有效，但也存在风险（引起下文）；
P2: 前世：电疗法出现初期，虽然可以有效治疗抑郁，但会导致患者身体痉挛损伤脊柱和牙齿，而因为这些副作用和文艺作品中的描绘导致公众对此态度消极；
P3: 今生：当代电疗法的使用更加严谨：当且仅当常规疗法无效时才启用，并且对患者施以麻醉剂和肌肉松弛剂，以减轻患者痛苦和后遗症；
P4: （转折）电疗法风险与效果并存：接受疗法的患者会出现脑细胞死亡的情况，同时记忆力有不同程度的衰退。

BBCC

作者: 半日大哥 时间: 2021-4-10 16:32
BDCE
用时6分钟
1. ECT是一个有争议的疗法。尽管对于一些症状有效，但是其原理还没有完全明白。
2. 由于ECT的一些副作用等，很多文化作品把ECT 描绘成折磨的方法。
3. 现代ECT，患者会被麻醉，所以没有痛苦。但是ECT疗法只有在心理治疗、药物治疗无效，或者有随时自杀危险的情况才能使用。ECT 原理仍然未知。
4. 有些副作用，如失忆，被认为是ECT的副作用，但是它们也有可能是抑郁症的症状。

作者: winonabreath-yy 时间: 2021-4-10 17:52
Mark一下！

作者: sekicc 时间: 2021-4-10 20:39
1. 引出主题
2. 说明过去的情况
3. 说明现在的情况
4. 指出局限性

BDCE

作者: 星v座v书v上 时间: 2021-4-10 20:59
BDCD

作者: RxxMewo 时间: 2021-4-10 22:12
BDAD 8min
ECT很有争议-早期公众反对-现代ECT的不同之处-ECT随有效但是也有副作用

作者: Jack.Lu 时间: 2021-4-10 22:23
BBAC
main idea：电疗的过去现在
P1：电疗一直觉有争议
P2：过去的电疗，以及对它的偏见
P3：现在电疗
P4：电疗有效，但有副作用

作者: xbzxbz 时间: 2021-4-10 23:28
说明文
公众对ECT的态度
第一段：背景 ECT有效但有争议
第二段：ect 过去情况和公众态度
第三段：改良后情况
第四段：改良后公众态度还是有争议
ADCE

作者: 再战请勿拦 时间: 2021-4-11 00:01
cdce

作者: rs曦曦 时间: 2021-4-11 00:13
第一段：ECT有明确的治疗效果，虽然也有些副作用，且作用原理未知
第二段：ECT早年的版本收到各种批判，有些副作用。
第三段：新一代ECT已经做了2个方面的优化、改良，有疗效且副作用小
第四段：但ECT仍然有损害记忆力等有争议的地方。

作者: 狒狒小姐 时间: 2021-4-11 05:51
EABC

作者: miemie_yang 时间: 2021-4-11 10:48
答案：E B B C
第一段介绍ECT的定义，提出它也有风险
第二段ECT的历史，收到的争议，以及对患者的伤害
第三段现代ECT的使用的态度
第四段重复作者观点，有效当然有争议 loss of memory

作者: irisville 时间: 2021-4-11 13:13
bbcd

作者: LouisTan 时间: 2021-4-11 16:35
BACE

ECT介绍, 机制不清楚，有好处，有风险；
公众对ECT的担忧：损害脊柱和牙齿；一些书和电影的表述，可能侵害合法权利；
现代ECT在早期不被认可，现代改进了方法。对抑郁和自杀有效，机制仍不清楚。
尽管被证明有效，但是仍有争议。比如病人报告说有失忆症状

作者: CNJYD 时间: 2021-4-11 18:20
CACC

作者: Delanii_ 时间: 2021-4-11 20:45
BBCC

文章结构：
P1：介绍ECT是什么，给出总体评价，小-大+
seizure effective & risk
P2：最初使用ECT的效果以及人们对ECT的态度aw-
1938 negative
P3：后来使用ECT的效果以及对ECT的评价
modified depressed patients not known
P4：客观评价ECT：有用，但是还是有副作用
controversy memory

作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-4-11 21:09
BCCC
ECT的好处和风险
早期ECT介绍
现代ECT
评价ECT

作者: HHHHRane 时间: 2021-4-12 10:37
BCCC

作者: _Salaxy_ 时间: 2021-4-12 16:07
P1:ECT极具争议性，但有效性在大部分病人中表现非常明显。虽然有一定危险，但在众多疾病治愈中效果显著。
P2:公众曾经对其强烈反对。癫痫病的肌肉收缩造成脊柱的压迫碎片或牙齿损伤。还有书籍电影中所记载的画面。
P3:广泛应用在严重抑郁患者，如何发挥作用的过程未知，但重复服用会影响大脑中一些重要部位。
P4:虽然有争议，但ECT是有效的。
BBCE

作者: Ataitaitai 时间: 2021-4-13 08:21
1. ECT的优点
2. 1938年的ECT
3. 现代ECT
4. ECT仍然备受争议
BDCA

作者: 英语爱我我爱英语 时间: 2021-4-13 08:34
1

作者: yutingw 时间: 2021-4-13 17:55
BACC

作者: sanfanwangyue 时间: 2021-4-13 21:52
BDCB

作者: 张晴雨 时间: 2021-4-16 09:35
我的答案：ADCB
第一段：引出本文讨论的内容
第二段：介绍tradition的是什么一个情况
第三段：介绍modern情况
第四段：负作用，以及对立解释

正确答案：BDCE

作者: JOEY要上博科尼 时间: 2021-4-17 10:38
1

作者: SchodingerCat 时间: 2021-5-4 20:51
BDCE

作者: 690387114 时间: 2021-6-23 13:38
BDCE

作者: 清影嘿嘿 时间: 2021-10-25 15:56
day10

作者: 大月亮cyn 时间: 2021-10-27 17:10
Day10 BDCA
4. 一开始做题的时候没有找到A选项the death of brain cells，最后一段第二句“Though decades old studies showing brain cell death have been refuted in recent research, ” 暗示了尽管这个被否定了，但说明这是old criticism, 题目问的是criticism,E不属于criticism！！

作者: 斯麦尔糖 时间: 2021-10-28 10:25
bbeb

作者: B及站士 时间: 2023-10-5 17:30
P1. 介紹ECT療法, 對治療憂鬱症有效但有爭議性(會有癲癇的可能性)
P2. 介紹ECT的背景知識, 當時尚未改良對身體的傷害導致一些大眾文化將其描繪為不人道的刑罰
P3. ECT經過改良(肌肉鬆弛劑+鎮定劑), 癲癇的可能性降低成頂多手腳顫抖, 介紹ECT的優勢
P4. 末段仍再度提醒ECT目前還是有爭議性, 許多人有記憶喪失的症狀。有醫生認為記憶喪失是因為嚴重的憂鬱症而非ECT造成
-
P1.
1. Context: ECT is a controversial psycho treatment – passing electricity through the brain
2. Elaborate:
ECT induces seizure– unified process (X) and remains numerous investigations
ECT is effective against severe depression – while has its risk

P2.
1. Background: the inception of ECT in 1938 – negative conception of the procedure
2. Elaborate:
ECT is unmodified – uncontrolled seizures -> spine and teeth damage
ECT be portrayed as punitive, cruel, overused, and violative of patients' legal rights in books and movies

P3.
1. Modification:
the muscle relaxant succinylcholine -> muscle contractions(X)
patient + anesthetic only seizure may be the rhythmic movement of the patient's hand or foot
2. Advantage:
a. used in depressed patients for whom psychotherapy and medication prove ineffective
b. considered when there is an imminent risk of suicide – faster than antidepression
3. Intermediate: how ECT work is not known – repeated applications affect several neurotransmitters in the brain

P4.
1. Reminder: ECT is still controversy – many patients report loss of memory
2. Some doctors: memory malfunction may reflect the type of amnesia(from severe depression)

作者: 13659111111 时间: 2023-10-5 21:27
P1 ETC有效但有风险好像是个电脑子的东西
P2 过去人对ETC持有负面看法，因为技术damage，因为被描述的很吓人
P3 现在不一样了，拿来抗抑郁，具体怎么做到的不知道
P4 effective 但是 controversy，可能对记忆有损伤，但医生说不一定是因为ETC
BCCE

作者: 屯个名字 时间: 2023-10-6 23:13
P1:介绍ECT，并引出其存在的缺点
controversial psychiatric treatment ——>beneficial effects are evident and predictable+has its risks

P2:分析unmodified EXT的缺点
1.strength of the muscle contractions——> compression fractures of the spine or damage to the teeth
2.Abuse——> violative of patients' legal rights

P3:ECT改进之后针对P1的缺点有什么变化
1.muscle contractions practically nonexistent
2.patients are given a general anesthetic——>patient is asleep and fully unaware
3.应用途径：severely depressed patients/an imminent risk of suicide——>但是作用原理依然不可知，只知道反复使用会影响神经递质

P4:ECT改进之后仍然存在的缺点
Controversy——>loss of memory + short-term memories continue to be affected

时间：9’00”
BDCC

作者: joliajjj 时间: 2023-12-6 09:12
文章结构：
P1:介绍ECT，精神病疗法，奏效但仍未完善，有风险
P2:介绍由来、缺陷、公众的负面认知
P3:说明ECT的作用机理，vs antidepressants
P4:ECT有用但有失忆这副作用
BDCE

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