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标题: OG 18 Because the framers 525-529 Patent 阅读整理 最像CR的RC [打印本页]
作者: SLBCDG 时间: 2018-9-5 17:54
标题: OG 18 Because the framers 525-529 Patent 阅读整理 最像CR的RC
这篇文章个人没找到很好的解析，遂自己整理了一篇，欢迎交流
原文: 1. Because the framers of the United States Constitution {written in 1787) believed that protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation's economic growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant patents for inventions. 2. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other nations. 3. Recently, however,背景 scholars have questioned whether the American system helped achieve the framers' goals.4, 学者观点1 These scholars have contended that from 1794 to roughly 1830, American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were "antipatent" and routinely invalidated patents for arbitrary reasons. 5. 学者论据This argument is based partly on examination of court decisions in cases where patent holders ("patentees") brought suit alleging infringement of their patent rights. In the 1820s, for instance, 75 percent of verdicts were decided against the patentee. The proportion of verdicts for the patentee began to increase in the 1830s, suggesting to these scholars that 学者观点2 judicial attitudes toward patent rights began shifting then.
学者观点1.：专利认证机制没推动经济是因为法官在判罚时，“反专利”， 结论基于 1820的判决结果反对专利持有人的判决，占百分之75；学者观点2：1830年后法官的态度产生了变化，因为支持专利持有人的判决增长，
Not all patent disputes in the early nineteenth century were litigated, however, and litigated cases were not drawn randomly from the population of disputes. Therefore the rate of verdicts in favor of patentees cannot be used by itself to gauge changes in judicial attitudes or enforceability of patent rights. 作者反驳1，论据：样本没有代表性 If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against patentees, one might expect that subsequent courts—allegedly more supportive of patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been cited as frequently as later decisions, and they continue to be cited today, suggesting that the early decisions, many of which clearly declared that patent rights were a just recompense for inventive ingenuity, provided a lasting foundation for patent law. 作者反驳2, 论据，后来的法官还在继续沿用之前的决定，在支持专利持有人的判罚已经增加的情况下 The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patentees began to increase during the 1830s because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought to trial. This change was partly due to an 1836 revision to the patent system: an examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is scrutinized for its adherence to patent law. Previously, patents were automatically granted upon payment of a $30 fee.
作者观点：1836年后来打官司的人群已经不一样了，这是因为对于专利的认证方法已经改进的更加符合专利法。
背景：美国提出了专利认证机制以试图激励经济
学者观点1.：专利认证机制没推动经济是因为法官在判罚时，“反专利”， 结论基于 1820的判决结果反对专利持有人的判决，占百分之75；学者观点2：1830年后法官的态度产生了变化，因为该时期后支持专利持有人的判决增长，
作者反驳1，论据：样本没有代表性 作者反驳2, 论据，在支持专利持有人的判罚已经增加的情况下，后来的法官还在继续沿用之前的决定，说明态度转变和判罚根本无关。
作者观点：支持专利持有人的判罚增加的原因是，1836年后来打官司的人群已经不一样了，这是因为对于专利的认证方法已经改进，更加符合专利法；而不是法官态度的变化！
题干：
1. The passage implies that which of the following was a reason that the proportion of verdicts in favor of patentees began to increase in the 1830s?
A. Patent applications approved after 1836 were more likely to adhere closely to patent law.
B. Patent laws enacted during the 1830s better defined patent rights.
C. Judges became less prejudiced against patentees during the 1830s.
D. After 1836, litigated cases became less representative of the population of patent disputes.
E. The proportion of patent disputes brought to trial began to increase after 1836.
2. The passage implies that the scholars mentioned in the highlighted text would agree with which of the following criticisms of the American patent system before 1830?
A. Its definition of property rights relating to inventions was too vague to be useful.
B. Its criteria for the granting of patents were not clear.
C. It made it excessively difficult for inventors to receive patents.
D. It led to excessive numbers of patent-infringement suits.
E. It failed to encourage national economic growth.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the frequency with which pre-1830 cases have been cited in court decisions is an indication that
A. judicial support for patent rights was strongest in the period before 1830
B. judicial support for patent rights did not increase after 1830
C. courts have returned to judicial standards that prevailed before 1830
D. verdicts favoring patentees in patent-infringement suits did not increase after 1830
E. judicial bias against patentees persisted after 1830 为什么不选E困扰了我很久，我一直认为B和E的意思是一样的，后来明白E的意思是偏见没有改变，偏见存在 B：支持没有变多———没有偏见，也没有支持———即，并非法官态度影响
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author and the scholars referred to in the highlighted text disagree about which of the following aspects of the patents defended in patent-infringement suits before 1830?
A. Whether the patents were granted for inventions that were genuinely useful
B. Whether the patents were actually relevant to the growth of the United States economy
C. Whether the patents were particularly likely to be annulled by judges
D. Whether the patents were routinely invalidated for reasons that were arbitrary
E. Whether the patents were vindicated at a significantly lower rate than patents in later suits
5. The author of the passage cites which of the following as evidence challenging the argument referred to in the highlighted text?
A. The proportion of cases that were decided against patentees in the 1820s
B. The total number of patent disputes that were litigated from 1794 to 1830
C. The fact that later courts drew upon the legal precedents set in pre-1830 patent cases正是文章后面作者所引的
D. The fact that the proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patentees began to increase during the 1830s
E. The constitutional rationale for the 1836 revision of the patent system
还有一个问题想请教诸位，看到有人说实战时阅读难度会无限提高，如上这篇对于我来说属于有一定难度的，请问我在整理完OG后建议用上什么材料呢？
作者: SLBCDG 时间: 2018-9-5 17:54
自顶一下吧
作者: SLBCDG 时间: 2018-9-8 18:19
大家可以回复支持下
作者: getcosmic 时间: 2018-9-16 16:48
支持一下楼主! 听阅读老师说OG刷完了做GWD的阅读...楼主可以看看
作者: SLBCDG 时间: 2018-9-18 10:42
感动啊，终于有朋友回复
作者: 姚楚楚rin 时间: 2018-10-24 16:58
楼主真的分析的很透彻 结果非常清晰了 比心
作者: spicytaco 时间: 2018-10-26 02:32
顶楼主！
作者: 拉布拉卡小鱼鱼 时间: 2018-12-8 16:30
这篇错到怀疑人生 感谢楼主
作者: Doris707 时间: 2018-12-27 16:01
这篇错的一塌糊涂。。
第三题我想了很久才想清楚，GMAT阅读果然是看重逻辑关系
“If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against patentees, one might expect that subsequent courts—allegedly more supportive of patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been cited as frequently as later decisions”
先定位到文章原文部分，然后看前面的那句话，虚拟语气表达和事实相反，即现实情况是subsequent courts没有reject之前的案例，也就是early judicial decisions were not prejudiced against patentees，如果pre-1830和之后的case中法官的态度发生了改变，案件的判决结果就会相反，一个是通过一个是不通过专利，那么之后对于两个时期案例的引用频率，就会发生变化。
这里的BUT，转折点在于虚拟情况和实际情况相反，是作者的推理过程，即假定事实相反的一面成立，推测会出现的结果，但实际的事实是与这个推测的结果相反的。
我一开始没有想明白这个推理过程，反复去理解 pre-1830 cases have been cited as frequently as later decisions，觉得被引用的频率和案件的内容有关，内容不同自然频率不同，想偏了
欢迎指正~
说个题外话，如果同样的案例在不同时期由于法官的态度不同而判决结果不同，会给社会带来混乱，之后的类似案件，如何引用案例呢？
作者: jijilolo 时间: 2019-8-22 20:17
非常有帮助感谢楼主！！！
作者: megannine 时间: 2019-9-20 09:35
thanks a lot!!
作者: AMBER513 时间: 2019-9-24 09:55
看一下！
作者: Cindy0108 时间: 2019-10-17 22:43
这篇错的一塌糊涂 看到解答太良心了
作者: vickybabyvicky 时间: 2020-10-2 02:54
感谢楼主！
作者: 诸星纱夜 时间: 2020-10-3 22:22
感谢！刚好整理到这篇 真的太难了
作者: 荷兰豆豆豆 时间: 2020-10-4 15:23
感谢楼主！
作者: 斯德哥尔摩瓜 时间: 2020-10-21 18:07
看一下！
作者: Hui1101 时间: 2020-11-26 22:26
自己也试着整理了一下，欢迎讨论
① 第一段
讲了一个现象：因为framers认为保护patent能促进经济发展，所以他们让congress
Grant patent for inventions
结果：The patent system has served as a model for those in other nations
质疑：从however开始看scholars questioned这个system是否真正的达到了framers' goal》也就是说是否促进了经济发展
scholars的论点是：在1794-1830时间段里American inventors根本没有enforce patent rights因为judges were "anti patent" and routinely invalidated patents
这个论点based on examination of court decisions→这里给了数据支撑70%的案件结果都不向着inventors，但是这个proportion从1830年后开始上升，
scholars同时给出了另一个结论是这个时候开始judicial attitudes开始向着patentees
②第二段
第二段是引用了三个根据来否定scholars的质疑内容根据不充分
①数据不全
②1830年以前的案件結果也会在1830年之后延用，所以1830年后attitude有了变化的结论是错误的
③ 1830年之后上升的原因是因为导入了an examination procedure,检查了每一个申请是否adhere patent law,所以上升了，也变相否定了1830年后attitude有了变化的结论
作者: W... 时间: 2021-8-23 10:54
顶楼主！
作者: Yoga54 时间: 2022-9-21 21:05
同意！
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