愚钝，请教OG21，33

21Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.

(A)  in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy

(B)   if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food

(C)  in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food

(D)  if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior

(E)   in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior

In choices A, C, and E, in attributing ... behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies. Choice C is also wordy, and attributing ... as is unidiomatic in E. In the correct form of the expression, one attributes x, an effect, to y, a cause; or, if a passive construction is used, x is attributed to y. D avoids the initial modification error by using a passive construction (in which the attributors are not identified), but attributed x as the cause of y is unidiomatic. Choice B is best.

答案说ACE错应该in attributing 。。。。behavior搞不清到底说谁，是律师还是perpetrators，但是在看答案B的时候觉得即使改为被动也难说明到底是谁归因于食物过敏的啊，这里并没有在is atttibuted ot 。。。。后加上by sb，也很难说清到底是律师还是perpetrators归因于这点的啊，那企不是跟ACE存在同样的问题？

偶发觉越仔细看OG，本来看得懂得倒反而看不懂了，哀，请教各位，谢谢

33. From the earliest days of the tribe, kinship determined the way in which the Ojibwa society organized its labor, provided access to its resources, and defined rights and obligations involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources.

(A)  and defined rights and obligations involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources

(B)  defining rights and obligations involved in their distribution and consumption

(C)  and defined rights and obligations as they were involved in its distribution and consumption

(D)  whose rights and obligations were defined in their distribution and consumption

      （E）the distribution and consumption of them defined by rights and obligations

答案是A，不明白这里those指代什么？

（21）in attributing 是分词省略结构，其逻辑主语必须是后面句子的主语，所以，A、C、E都不正确；D中的as the cause of 和 attribute 语意重复。所以B正确。

（33）those指代的是rights and obligations 。

灭人理

第一个问题我当时读到这里也心存疑惑, 后来题目做多了, 慢慢明白了原因, 其实ETS在SC最开始的那段Tip里面已经说了, 语法错误是分为correctiveness和effectiveness, 没有动词的发出者的确似乎不是那么理想, 但是主语错误是correctiveness, 因此这个相对的effectiveness就相对可以接受了, 毕竟是选best choice, 楼主做到GWD的时候也许会有更深刻的体会.

我见过的大多是把A and B当作一个整体看待, 如果要单独修饰A, 则一般采用A + 修饰语 and B; those这个的指代应该算是一种习惯用法, 相关的例子OG还有:

The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are known as "standing waves."

(A)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are

(B)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although they are formed by rapidly moving air, are

(C)  crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is

(D)  stationary crests and troughs although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are

(E)   stationary crests and troughs although they are formed by rapidly moving air, is

The main challenge in this sentence is to observe the agree­ment of subject and verb (the resulting flow pattern... is known...) despite the distraction of a complex intervening structure containing several plural elements (with crests and troughs...). Choices A, B, and D can, therefore, be eliminated because they use an incorrect plural verb form, are. Choice E uses the correct verb form, is, but it incorrectly introduces a dependent adverbial although clause into a prepositional phrase (with crests ...). Choice D also makes this error. Such dependent clauses can only occur in the predicates of full clauses. C, the best choice, uses the correct verb form, is, and correctly puts the although clause inside the predicate of the relative clause (that... rapidly).

上面的A and B that结构同样也是默认指代两个.

试着说一下，原文说“辩护律师偶然会辩称他们当事人的不当行为是来源于食用的食物的反应，但如果违法犯罪行为可以归因于某些食物过敏，那么违法者应被告知无需为其违法行为负责”。ETS认为defense attorneys执行attribute to food allergy的动作，选项A、C、E中改为perpetrators执行不符合逻辑；这里B、D选项采用被动语态避免attribute to的执行者的逻辑问题。

至于but的用法，我也不是很清楚，这里其实不像转折，反而有承接的意味，我理解but作为一个无意的连词使用，不知是否正确，但是but的这种用法是非正式用语，ets又是最反对的。不懂，看谁能解释一下。