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1、Manatees, aquatic mammals inhabiting Florida's rivers and coastal waters, swim close to the surface and are frequently killed in collisions with boats. To address the problem, boat traffic in manatee-populated waters is being required to maintain very low speeds. Unfortunately, manatees are unable to hear low-pitched sounds and a boat's sound lowers in pitch as the boat slows. Therefore, this approach may in fact make things worse rather than better.
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion?
A) The areas where boats would have to maintain low speeds were decided partly on the basis of manatee-population estimates and partly from numbers of reported collisions between manatees and boats.
B) Because the water hyacinth that manatees feed on grows best in water that is nearly still, water hyacinth beds can be disturbed or damaged by fast-moving boat traffic.
C) Over the last several decades, boat traffic in Florida's coastal waters has been increasing almost continuously and now represents the greatest threat to the endangered manatee population.
D) The sound of a boat engine generally travels much further under water than it does through the air.
E) When experimenters exposed manatees to the recorded sounds of boats moving at various speeds, the creatures were unable to discern the sounds over normal background noise.
1、正确答案:E
2、原文逻辑:事实:在这个区域的一种海洋哺乳动物M,在海水表面游泳,频繁地由于与船相撞死亡。
前提:为了解决这个问题,要求船在动物M大量出现的水域保持低速。
结论:不幸的是,M不能听到低音,而且船速越低,音量越低。因此,这个办法实际上让情况更糟糕。
问题:削弱文章结论
3、选项分析:A选项说那些船需要低速的区域是根据人们的估算和根据发生撞船死亡报告数量的。这说明低速的区域测量不准确,因此即使降低速度也没有用,加强结论。
B选项说一种M吃的水生植物最好在平静的水面生长,高速运行的船会破坏这个植物的生长。这虽然说明了降低船速可以是这种水生植物更好地生长以满足M的需求,但是这与文章中的声音问题无关。
C选项说由于撞船事件导致M生命受到严重威胁。这只是重新叙述了文章的事实,没有任何加强或削弱结论。
D选项说声音在水中比在空气中传播更远,无关。
E选项说M是无法把这些船在不同速度下的声音和普通背景杂音区分开的。
由于M根本都无法区分是船的声音 还是普通背景杂音, 所以M是不能由于听到了船的声音躲开 船,从而避免被撞死,也就是说无论声音大小与否,M就是不知道什么声音应该躲闪,而不是音量的高低。削弱文章结论:由于船越低速导致声音更低,M听不到,此办法会使情况更糟。
2、Radio stations with radio data system (RDS) technology broadcast special program information that only radios with an RDS feature can receive. Between 1994 and 1996, the number of RDS radio stations in Verdland increased from 250 to 600. However, since the number of RDS-equipped radios in Verdland was about the same in 1996 as in 1994, the number of Verdlanders receiving the special program information probably did not increase significantly.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A) Few if any of the RDS radio stations that began broadcasting in Verdland after 1994 broadcast to people with RDS-equipped radios living in areas not previously reached by RDS stations.
B) In 1996 most Verdlanders who lived within the listening area of an RDS station already had a radio equipped to receive RDS.
C) Equipping a radio station with RDS technology does not decrease the station's listening area.
D) In 1996 Verdlandres who did not own radios equipped to receive RDS could not receive any programming from the RDS radio stations that began broadcasting in Verdland after 1994.
E)The RDS radio stations in Verdland in 1996 did not all offer the same type of programming.
1、正确答案:A
2、原文逻辑:具有RDS的系统的无线电台播出的特殊节目只有那些具有RDS特点的电台能收到。1994-1996年无线电台的数量从240增到600。但是具有RDS的电台数量不变。所以能收到的特殊节目的人没有增加多少。
问题:假设题,问前提。
3、选项分析:A选项说几乎没有新增的广播电台覆盖到以前有设备但是接收不到的人中去。在这种情况下,这部分能够收听节目但因为不知情而不去听的人就会使得结论出现。
B选项说在广播电台收听范围里的大多数人都有接受RDS的设备。
C选项说装备有RDS电台的收听范围没有缩小。
D选项说1996年以后没有设备的不能收到任何信息。只是事实重新陈述。
E选项说1996年RDS电台不会总是提供同样类型的节目。无关。
3、A company plans to develop a prototype weeding machine that uses cutting blades with optical sensors and microprocessors that distinguish weeds from crop plants by differences in shade of color. The inventor of the machine claims that it will reduce labor costs by virtually eliminating the need for manual weeding.
Which of the following is a consideration in favor of the company's implementing its plan to develop the prototype?
A) There is a considerable degree of variation in shade of color between weeds of different species.
B) The shade of color of some plants tends to change appreciably over the course of their growing season.
C) When crops are weeded manually, overall size and leaf shape are taken into account in distinguishing crop plants from weeds.
D) Selection and genetic manipulation allow plants of virtually any species to be economically bred to have a distinctive shade of color without altering their other characteristics.
E) Farm laborers who are responsible for the manual weeding of crops carry out other agricultural duties at times in the growing season when extensive weeding is not necessary.
1、单词:appreciably [英][ə'pri:ʃəblɪ] [美][ə'pri:ʃəblɪ] adv.相当大地; 明显地;
2、正确答案:D
3、原文逻辑:前提:公司计划develop一个新的播种机可以有光感系统并且识别不同的光谱。
结论:这种机器发明者声称它通过视觉检测成熟播种时机来减少人力费用。
问题:支持结论
4、选项分析:A选项说不同品种的种子在颜色上存在明显的差异程度。文章中说播种机是通过光谱来检测同一品种的播种时机,而不是说检测不同品种,没有支持结论。
B 有些植物的颜色在它们的成长季节中会明显改变。这说明了机器利用色彩光谱有可能会有失误,削弱结论。
C 当人工播种时,所有的大小和叶子的形状都将被纳入区分谷物植株与种子的考虑范围。但是这不能说明减少了人力。反而说明了机器的不全面性,没有将这些条件考虑其中。削弱。
D 机器的选择和遗传操作可以使允许任何具有鲜明色彩的种子有效孕育,并且不会改变他们的任何特点。证明了机器可以代替工人的劳力,从而有效support。
E 在谷物成长的时节,原本负责人工播种的人去担任其他的职责,因为广泛的播种已经不需要了。
4、In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A) Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park
B) How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals
C) How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars
D) Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park's female rhinoceroses do
E) Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park
1、正确答案:C
2、原文逻辑:犀牛会掉collar,掉了装回去需要用镇定剂.发现那些总是被装回collar的母犀牛繁殖力低.结论:镇定剂中某些物质阻碍繁殖.
问题:评价题
3、选项分析:A、比较未安装radio collar 和已安装radio collar 的雌性犀牛的数量谁多谁少——没有提到生育力,所以无关
B、比较犀牛和其他的大型动物关于使用镇定剂的不同——没有提到生育能力,且文中并未出现大型动物,完全无关
C、除了给犀牛安装radio collar 这个原因之外,park ranger 给犀牛注射镇定剂以致它们失去行动力的频率有多高。-----因为假设因为其它原因注射镇定剂,就会影响结果.让我们来假设种极端情况(俗称YY),那些 需要重装collar 的犀牛由于注射镇定剂,所以听话.其它犀牛就是不听话,对不听话犀牛的办法就是单独抓出来, 注射1.2倍镇静剂.因此,重装collar的犀牛实际上是使用镇静剂最少的犀牛了.结论自然就不确定了.
D、比较雄性犀牛和雌性犀牛的radio collar 掉落率——没有提到生育能力,且结论并未提到雄性犀牛,无关
E、radio collar 是不是唯一的能够使人们追踪到犀牛的唯一实用方法——跟结论中的镇定剂和生育力之间的关系完全无关
5、The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called "historical costing" Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year's contractual price.
Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?
A) The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.
B) The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.
C) The contractual price w-II be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.
D) Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.
E) The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.
1、正确答案:A
2、原文逻辑:原文说,政府依据一个历史花费对军火供应商付费。历史成本能够让供应商在原有的基础上考虑通胀的情况下增加一定的百分比从而保证利润。
问题:批评历史花费。
3、选项分析:A政府可能因为历史成本而持续的付费,这些费用是无效的。直接削弱。
B通货膨胀在过去的20年是明显变化的。与历史花费无关。
C合同价格被材料的成本影响,说明不仅是通胀的因素,但这只能说明还应考虑进取其他因素,没有直接削弱。
D许多纳税人质疑政府在军火合同上花的钱,无关。
E这个计费方法不能鼓励武器创新,无关。
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